标签: selecting

NullSpaceMethodforSelectingOptimalMeasurementCombinationsasControlledVariables(SigurdSkogestad)

MAXIMUMGAINRULEFORSELECTINGCONTROLLEDVARIABLES(SigurdSkogestad)

Mostofthesignalsdirectlyencounteredinscienceandengineeringarecontinuous:lightintensitythatchangeswithdistance;voltagethatvariesovertime;achemicalreactionratethatdependsontemperature,etc.Analog-to-DigitalConversion(ADC)andDigital-to-AnalogConversion(DAC)aretheprocessesthatallowdigitalcomputerstointeractwiththeseeverydaysignals.Digitalinformationisdifferentfromitscontinuouscounterpartintwoimportantrespects:itissampled,anditisquantized.Bothoftheserestricthowmuchinformationadigitalsignalcancontain.Thischapterisaboutinformationmanagement:understandingwhatinformationyouneedtoretain,andwhatinformationyoucanaffordtolose.Inturn,thisdictatestheselectionofthesamplingfrequency,numberofbits,andtypeofanalogfilteringneededforconvertingbetweentheanaloganddigitalrealms.CHAPTERADCandDAC3Mostofthesignalsdirectlyencounteredinscienceandengineeringarecontinuous:lightintensitythatchangeswithdistance;voltagethatvariesovertime;achemicalreactionratethatdependsontemperature,etc.Analog-to-DigitalConversion(ADC)andDigital-to-AnalogConversion(DAC)aretheprocessesthatallowdigitalcomputerstointeractwiththeseeverydaysignals.Digitalinformationisdifferentfromitscontinuouscounterpartintwoimportantrespects:itissampled,anditisquantized.Bothoftheserestricthowmuchinformationadigitalsignalcancontain.Thischapterisaboutinformationmanagement:understandingwhatinformationyouneedtoretain,andwhatinformationyoucanaffordtolose.In……

SelectingCrystalsForStableOscillatorsqiyan307@52RDSelectingCrystalsForStableOscillatorsUnderstandinghowquartz-crystalresonatorsoperatecanleadtodesigningcrystaloscillatorswithimprovedstabilityandbetternoiseperformance.OscillatorsarecriticalcomponentsinRFanddigitaldesigns.Althoughoscillatorcircuitrymayalreadybeprovidedaspartofanintegratedcircuit(IC),aproduct-designengineermaystillberequiredtoselectthecrystalresonatorandexternalcapacitors.Toachievefinalproductsuccess,itisimportantthatthedesignerhasabasicunderstandingofhowanoscillatorandcrystalfunctiontoselectthecorrectcrystalandexternalcapacitorsforthedevice.Poorcrystalselectioncanleadtoaproductthatdoesnotoperateproperly,failsprematurely,orwillnotoperateoverthein……