tag 标签: ddr4

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  • 热度 2
    2024-9-12 15:19
    259 次阅读|
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    新世代主流内存:DDR5的主要应用范围 从高端服务器、消费者级PC乃至于物联网设备,DDR5内存的应用范围正持续不断地向外扩散,其成长显著的发展潜力和市场吸引力令人难以忽视。显而易见的是,随着技术的进步和研发成本的降低,DDR5势必将在未来几年内逐渐取代DDR4,成为新的主流内存标准。 DDR5的主要应用范围说明如下: ■ 高性能计算和服务器市场 高性能计算(HPC)和服务器领域对于更快的内存速度和更大的带宽需求非常敏感,因此DDR5的推出为这些应用带来了明显的性能提升。 ■ 数据中心和云计算 随着需要处理大量数据和多任务操作的数据中心和云计算服务的应用需求不断增加,具备高速、高效能与耐久性等优势的DDR5便成为提升整体系统性能的理想选择。 ■ 消费者级PC市场 当DDR5内存的市场价格逐渐趋向合理,便代表DDR5开始踏入消费者级PC市场。随着新一代CPU和主板已可开始支持DDR5,这也意味着DDR5将逐渐取代目前主流的DDR4内存。 ■ 物联网(IoT)和边缘计算 随着物联网设备和边缘计算的普及,DDR5内存的高效能和低功耗特性自然成为这些应用的第一首选。其主要原因是,这些场景中的设备皆需要快速的数据处理能力和较低的能耗,而DDR5能够有效地满足这些需求。 导入过程中面临的挑战 虽然DDR5拥有十足的技术潜力与性能优势,但在采用和应用过程中,仍然有一些潜在风险与挑战尚待厂商克服,而其中的技术验证和兼容性问题更是许多导入者的心腹大患。 以百佳泰近期合作的实际个案为例,该客户是一家消费性PC制造商。为满足市场对高性能的要求,他们在新产品中导入了DDR5内存。然而,他们在开发前期的验证中却遭遇到了诸多问题,以致于无法有效定位问题原因。 制造商在经过各种努力后,却始终无法找到根本原因。为有效改善此问题,需要专业技术咨询协助他们解决难题。 DDR5导入过程中,主要面临以下挑战: ■ 无法有效定位问题原因 在验证过程中遇到了多种问题,包括系统不稳定、崩溃、内存错误等。然而,他们无法有效定位问题的根本原因,这导致了大量的时间和资源浪费。 ■ 缺乏完整的验证设备与环境 验证设备环境并不完整,由于缺乏一些必要的测试设备。这使得他们无法针对DDR5系统进行全面性的测试,也进而增加发现问题的难度。 ■ 欠缺DDR5导入设计经验 缺乏DDR5导入方面的设计经验,这导致他们在设计过程中遇到了许多问题。 面对DDR5导入过程中遇到的难题借助专业系统的测试检验方案,如: 准确的问题分析与定位,全面的DDR5讯号检验 ,严谨的设计审查 等,便可突破产品升级的瓶颈。
  • 2020-7-16 14:16
    7 次阅读|
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    ​​​ 江波龙|longsys ___________________________________________________________________ 企业简介 深圳市江波龙电子股份有限公司成立于1999年,是一家聚焦NAND闪存应用和存储芯片定制、存储软件开发的中国存储企业,旗下拥有深耕行业应用的嵌入式存储品牌FORESEE和高端消费类存储品牌Lexar雷克沙。秉承DMS(Design、Module、Service)特色服务体系,江波龙电子持续为全球用户提供高质量的存储创新产品。 江波龙电子致力于顺应市场需求进行产品研发,为客户提供广泛的、高性能、创新性的闪存应用产品和解决方案。凭借在自主研发、IC固件设计、封装基板设计和全面品质管理等方面的实力,为客户提供有竞争力的存储产品,并不断扩展NAND闪存产品的应用范围。 截至目前,江波龙电子旗下拥有嵌入式存储品牌FORESEE和高端消费品牌Lexar:FORESEE深耕行业应用,嵌入式存储、固态硬盘存储、微存储、汽车存储四条产品线各自为营,全面深入手机、PC、汽车、IOT、安防、工业等诸多领域,正加速开拓全球市场。产品覆盖SD存储卡、microSD卡、U盘、读卡器、固态硬盘等。 深圳市江波龙电子股份有限公司总部位于深圳,在北京、上海、重庆、中山、香港、台北等地设有分公司或办事处。 发展历程 1999年 公司注册成立,从事MASK ROM业务,开启存储之路 2003年 定制开发出全球第一个基于AG-AND型闪存的U盘控制芯片 2005年 研发生产SD卡和MMC移动闪存卡 2008年 全球首创U盘模块UDP产品,改变了U盘行业生产和商业模式; 2009年 开发出世界上最小的NBOX多媒体播放器发布全球第一张NFC支付存储卡 2011年 创立FORESEE嵌入式存储品牌,发布eMMC、SSD存储产品:获得Oracle的技术授权,建立适合存储市场的Oracle ERP系统,推动江波龙数字化经营 2014年江波龙英文名从“Netcom”改为“Longsys”,以应对全球化发展 2015年 获批“商用密码产品生产定点单位”资格;DRAM的技术商品化,推出LPDDR3和eMCP嵌入式存储产品 2017年收购全球领先闪存品牌Lexar,新Lexar成为江波龙全资子公司独立运作;发布NAND SLC、nMCP,FORESEE微存储系列产品; 2018年全球首发1TB eUFS产品和1TB PCIe BGA SSD,引领存储行业进入TB大容量时代;江波龙电子正式改制为“深圳市江波龙电子股份有限公司”成立汽车电子事业部 2019年 江波龙中山存储产业园第一期建设完工,4月27日起正式投入使用全球首家存储历史博物馆于园区内建成并正式开馆2020年 2020年 3月正式进入内存领域;6月联合七彩虹,研制出全球最小的SATA SSD固态盘“SL500 Mini”,采用全新的Mini SDP(SATA Disk in Package)封装样式,体积只有传统SSD的十分之一;江波龙与得一微达成全面战略合作 投资公司 北京江波龙电子有限公司 上海江波龙电子有限公司 重庆江波龙电子有限公司 中山市江波龙电子有限公司 深圳市江波龙科技有限公司 深圳市大迈科技有限公司 西藏远识创业投资管理有限公司 深圳市安捷存电子有限公司 雷克沙电子(深圳)有限公司 上海江波龙存储技术有限公司 深圳市赛凡半导体有限公司 深圳市江波龙智联技术有限公司 成都市江波龙电子有限公司 深圳赫博科技有限公司 上海赞禾英泰信息科技股份有限公司 两大品牌 FORESEE 专注行业应用的嵌入式存储品牌 FORESEE由江波龙电子创立于2011年,深耕存储行业市场,服务上千家行业客户。目前拥有固态硬盘存储、嵌入式存储、微存储及汽车存储4条产品线。 自创立以来,FORESEE持续专注技术研发,坚持品质和客户服务,为全球客户提供高性能、高稳定性的存储产品和解决方案,以满足消费级、工业级、车规级、定制级存储需求和各类复杂场景的应用领域,不断深化存储行业的广度和深度,赋能行业应用创新及未来发展。 嵌入式存储 固态硬盘存储 内存 微存储 汽车存储 Lexar雷克沙 Lexar雷克沙品牌创始于1996年,总部设立在美国硅谷圣荷西,业务拓展至中国大陆、香港地区、台湾地区、欧洲(德英法)、南美、澳洲、日本,并在主要市场设立分公司,是全球领先的储存品牌,也是CF记忆卡标准的建立者。 二十多年来,Lexar雷克沙见证了数字储存科技如何快速地改变世界。从记忆卡、随身碟、固态硬盘、卡片阅读机到各类储存应用,Lexar雷克沙产品涵盖专业影像储存、行动储存、个人系统储存等领域,广泛满足企业客户及消费者的使用需求。 USB闪存盘 存储卡 固态硬盘 内存 读卡器 G M T Y 检测语言世界语中文简体中文繁体丹麦语乌克兰语乌兹别克语乌尔都语亚美尼亚语伊博语俄语保加利亚语信德语修纳语僧伽罗语克罗地亚语冰岛语加利西亚语加泰罗尼亚语匈牙利语南非祖鲁语卡纳达语卢森堡语印地语印尼巽他语印尼爪哇语印尼语古吉拉特语吉尔吉斯语哈萨克语土耳其语塔吉克语塞尔维亚语塞索托语夏威夷语威尔士语孟加拉语宿务语尼泊尔语巴斯克语布尔语(南非荷兰语)希伯来语希腊语库尔德语弗里西语德语意大利语意第绪语拉丁语拉脱维亚语挪威语捷克语斯洛伐克语斯洛文尼亚语斯瓦希里语旁遮普语日语普什图语格鲁吉亚语毛利语法语波兰语波斯尼亚语波斯语泰卢固语泰米尔语泰语海地克里奥尔语爱尔兰语爱沙尼亚语瑞典语白俄罗斯语科萨科西嘉语立陶宛语索马里语约鲁巴语缅甸语罗马尼亚语老挝语芬兰语苏格兰盖尔语苗语英语荷兰语菲律宾语萨摩亚语葡萄牙语蒙古语西班牙语豪萨语越南语阿塞拜疆语阿姆哈拉语阿尔巴尼亚语阿拉伯语韩语马其顿语马尔加什语马拉地语马拉雅拉姆语马来语马耳他语高棉语齐切瓦语 世界语中文简体中文繁体丹麦语乌克兰语乌兹别克语乌尔都语亚美尼亚语伊博语俄语保加利亚语信德语修纳语僧伽罗语克罗地亚语冰岛语加利西亚语加泰罗尼亚语匈牙利语南非祖鲁语卡纳达语卢森堡语印地语印尼巽他语印尼爪哇语印尼语古吉拉特语吉尔吉斯语哈萨克语土耳其语塔吉克语塞尔维亚语塞索托语夏威夷语威尔士语孟加拉语宿务语尼泊尔语巴斯克语布尔语(南非荷兰语)希伯来语希腊语库尔德语弗里西语德语意大利语意第绪语拉丁语拉脱维亚语挪威语捷克语斯洛伐克语斯洛文尼亚语斯瓦希里语旁遮普语日语普什图语格鲁吉亚语毛利语法语波兰语波斯尼亚语波斯语泰卢固语泰米尔语泰语海地克里奥尔语爱尔兰语爱沙尼亚语瑞典语白俄罗斯语科萨科西嘉语立陶宛语索马里语约鲁巴语缅甸语罗马尼亚语老挝语芬兰语苏格兰盖尔语苗语英语荷兰语菲律宾语萨摩亚语葡萄牙语蒙古语西班牙语豪萨语越南语阿塞拜疆语阿姆哈拉语阿尔巴尼亚语阿拉伯语韩语马其顿语马尔加什语马拉地语马拉雅拉姆语马来语马耳他语高棉语齐切瓦语 文本转语音功能仅限200个字符 选项 : 历史 : 反馈 : Donate 关闭
  • 热度 16
    2016-1-13 10:02
    1067 次阅读|
    0 个评论
    SDRAM(Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) :为同步动态随机存取内存,前缀的Synchronous告诉了大家这种内存的特性,也就是同步。1996年底,SDRAM开始在系统中出现,不同于早期的技术,SDRAM是为了与中央处理器的计时同步化所设计,这使得内存控制器能够掌握准备所要求的数据所需的准确时钟周期,因此中央处理器从此不需要延后下一次的数据存取。举例而言,PC66 SDRAM以66 MT/s的传输速率运作;PC100 SDRAM以100 MT/s的传输速率运作;PC133 SDRAM以133 MT/s的传输速率运作,以此类推。 SDRAM亦可称为SDR SDRAM(Single Data Rate SDRAM) ,Single Data Rate为单倍数据传输率,SDR SDRAM的核心、I/O、等效频率皆相同,举例而言,PC133规格的内存,其核心、I/O、等效频率都是133MHz。而Single Data Rate意指SDR SDRAM在1个周期内只能读写1次,若需要同时写入与读取,必须等到先前的指令执行完毕,才能接着存取。 DDR SDRAM(Double Data Rate SDRAM) :为双信道同步动态随机存取内存,是新一代的SDRAM技术。别于SDR(Single Data Rate)单一周期内只能读写1次,DDR的双倍数据传输率指的就是单一周期内可读取或写入2次。在核心频率不变的情况下,传输效率为SDR SDRAM的2倍。第一代DDR内存Prefetch为2bit,是SDR的2倍,运作时I/O会预取2bit的资料。举例而言,此时DDR内存的传输速率约为266~400 MT/s不等,像是DDR 266、DDR 400都是这个时期的产品。 DDR2 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Two SDRAM) :为双信道两次同步动态随机存取内存。DDR2内存Prefetch又再度提升至4 bit(DDR的两倍),DDR2的I/O频率是DDR的2倍,也就是266、333、400MHz。举例:核心频率同样有133~200MHz的颗粒,I/O频率提升的影响下,此时的DDR2传输速率约为533~800 MT/s不等,也就是常见的DDR2 533、DDR2 800等内存规格。 DDR3 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Three SDRAM) :为双信道三次同步动态随机存取内存。DDR3内存Prefetch提升至8 bit,即每次会存取8 bits为一组的数据。DDR3传输速率介于 800~1600 MT/s之间。此外,DDR3 的规格要求将电压控制在1.5V,较DDR2的1.8V更为省电。DDR3也新增ASR(Automatic Self-Refresh)、SRT(Self-Refresh Temperature)等两种功能,让内存在休眠时也能够随着温度变化去控制对内存颗粒的充电频率,以确保系统数据的完整性。 DDR4 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Fourth SDRAM) :DDR4提供比DDR3/ DDR2更低的供电电压1.2V以及更高的带宽,DDR4的传输速率目前可达2133~3200 MT/s。DDR4 新增了4 个Bank Group 数据组的设计,各个Bank Group具备独立启动操作读、写等动作特性,Bank Group 数据组可套用多任务的观念来想象,亦可解释为DDR4 在同一频率工作周期内,至多可以处理4 笔数据,效率明显好过于DDR3。 另外DDR4增加了DBI(Data Bus Inversion)、CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check)、CA parity等功能,让DDR4内存在更快速与更省电的同时亦能够增强信号的完整性、改善数据传输及储存的可靠性。
  • 热度 21
    2015-6-18 15:32
    1100 次阅读|
    2 个评论
    作者:周伟 一博科技高速先生团队队员 一次去客户现场沟通,顺便问了下客户对我们高速先生文章的意见和建议,客户提了一个很好的建议:“你们文章的内容主要是理论和仿真为主,能不能多点案例相关的文章,这个应该比较受欢迎”。   真是一语点醒梦中人,是啊,前不久我们都还在为文章的素材大伤脑筋,甚至我们的小陈都开始写诗来感叹码字难的痛苦了,这不我们一年上万款的PCB设计,总有一些经典的案例吧,还别说,手上正有些,好东西不能沉箱底了,慢慢掏出来分享给大家吧,也希望大家喜欢。   案例我想很多人手上都有,作为工程人员如果手上没有收集一些案例还真就算不上是一个经验老道的攻城狮,因为失败是成功之母,没有经历过失败挫折怎么可能成长和成功呢?经验正是由一个一个失败的案例总结出来的,高速先生在这里作为一个平台,也希望看到文章的工程师能总结自己手上的案例,把它分享出来,让更多的人不要再犯同样的错误,这也是节省了社会资源。同时,分享文章也不是白忙活的,毕竟也占用了大家的时间和精力,如果大家看到前段时间的高速先生文章投票就知道,对于读者喜欢的文章,后面的奖励可是实打实的,虽然高速先生也知道有些同鞋的分享是无私的,但我们也只是想尽我们的绵薄之力鼓励那些无私分享的人,仅此而已。   有点像广征英雄帖的味道,英雄,高速先生呼唤您的出现!   回到正题,既然是案例分享系列,当然就会有很多系列的案例,而我们目前对案例的定义是在设计调试中出现了工作不正常,然后通过一定的原因分析最终解决了前面的问题,解决过程包括修改软件参数、配置信息甚至是改版等手段,大家应该对中间的分析过程最感兴趣吧,所以我们要分享的正是分析解决过程。如果您手上也有这种案例,还是上面那句话,英雄,我们给您平台,欢迎分享!   目前我们的案例计划主要围绕以下的内容: 1、DDR4/3/2设计案例 2、串扰引起的失效案例 3、电源设计案例 4、多路复用(反射)案例 5、高速信号设计案例 我们的第一个案例将会是DDR3运行不到额定频率的文章,在案例文章正式发布之前,高速先生在此有个小小的问题,您最期待什么内容的案例?欢迎回给我们,我们必定尽可能的满足您的需求(敬请期待下期案例文章)。
  • 热度 19
    2012-12-27 20:40
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    There has been a lot of industry hype about the market for microservers as we close out 2012. While the prospect of the ARM architecture making it into the data centre is tremendous fodder for the tech press, the majority of the coverage seems to be viewing the topic through rose-tinted glasses. The hype machine has been amply fed with a constant stream of bold pie-in-the-sky predictions from ARM CEO Warren East, Simon Segars and other ARM executives on how much market share the firm will inevitably take from Intel. It's interesting that a company which doesn't yet make a product is feeding this hype cycle more than the customers who are actually tasked with bringing those products to market. Indeed, we've not heard much on this front lately from any of the ARM licensees to validate such grand aspirations, perhaps because they are the ones who live in the world of product reality. Taking a broader view of the segment, there is very little competition for Intel today. AMD continues its painful death spiral, and no other companies seem to have the capability of shipping products into the data centre with scale. Nvidia is a peripheral bit player in HPC and has had some success but not enough to lessen its dependency on consumer and workstation discrete graphics for the foreseeable future. Now to be clear, I think competition in the data centre is a good thing and sorely needed. Customers need it, and companies like Intel need it to make better products. But let's face it, Microservers is not even that big of a market anyway, with only a handful of important customers like Facebook, Google and Amazon. If and when the ARM architecture makes it into the data centre it has the prospect to offer this competition, but a lot of things need to happen and a number of questions need to be answered first. Deliver 64bit first, talk after Firstly, ARM has to deliver its new architecture on time with its first ARM V8 implementations with Cortex A53 and A57. 64bit computing is a baseline requirement to enter the space and today it is, unfortunately, MIA in ARM world. If ARM's products don't have 64bit, they can be considered dead on arrival in the data centre, and the reality is that it will be at least two years before we see any ARM products that have this capability. Fact. Two years is a long time in product cycles, which means that as this new category of microservers grows, customers will only have one company they can buy product from for the foreseeable future, Intel. ARM also has to deliver on time and with scale. While Cortex A15 is a tremendous new architecture it has largely limped out of the gate in 2012 and we won't see the majority of designs until next year. Hopefully, for ARM's sake V8 will have a smoother birth in 2014. Secondly, ARM will need to build an eco-system in record time. The server world is a complex one, driven by a broad eco-system of applications and workloads that have been optimised over many years to run exceptionally well on X86 processors. Moving these workloads over to a competing architecture is not a trivial matter, just look at the launch of Windows RT on the consumer side to see the pitfalls of lack of application compatibility and low performance. Nobody can argue that low power in the data centre isn't a tremendous driver today, but applications compatibility remains essential. In this area ARM will need to step up and create an eco-system that minimises the deficit of compatible applications and workloads for its architecture rather than simply leaving this to customers. Management will also be a huge issue that needs to be addressed. A rather large number of companies have aspirations to participate in the ARM server market. Calxeda, Applied Micro, Samsung and AMD are all committed to bringing products to market in the coming years and more will follow. With the exception of AMD, very few of these companies have any real expertise in data centre management which could be problematic as they try and convince enterprise IT executives to deploy a mixed environment of X86 and ARM. All that effort for such low ROI? The ROI will have to be compelling and the risk to disruption minimal. At this point I've not heard anyone articulate how exactly this will happen. In addition, one has to question the logistics of how competing ARM vendors will work together in a mixed customer environment, given they all have their own unique implementations and fabric strategies. "If you look at the number of companies looking to do microservers, the market starts looking crowded in a hurry," said analyst David Kanter, noting that at best there were 30 potential customers for Microservers, though he estimated the real number may be closer to 15. Kanter explained that to have any hope of success in the market, companies who wanted in would need a serious breadth and quality of IP for CPUs, caches, memory, interconnects, networking, etc. Indeed, in 2014, servers are going to need large L3 caches, DDR4 memory controllers, 10GBE or Infiniband networking, coherent interconnets (e.g., QPI), PCI-E gen 3, not to mention comprehensive power management and RAS features. "Some of those pieces you can license, but quite a few you cannot, and even licensing something may not be quite as good as doing a custom design," said Kanter, noting that most ARM licensees fell short in this respect, and that only AMD and Applied Micro really had what it took at this point in time. "Applied Micro is interesting because it is using its own custom CPU core that is higher performance than ARM's reference designs," he said, noting that this gave the firm an advantage in terms of performance and cost structure, should they achieve sufficient volume. This week, we're going to see yet another media cycle around microservers as Intel prepares for the upcoming launch of Centerton, the firm's first server class SoC for the data centre. This will be followed by the company's 22-nm Avoton product in 2013, which will almost assuredly have a follow-on in 2014. That's a grand total of three Intel product cycles before we even see our first real ARM server product enter the market. While nobody questions that Intel most certainly has its work cut out for it in the ARM dominated world of smartphones, the firm has proven it can deliver a competitive product, albeit not at scale yet. Now the pressure is on Intel to build market share and customers in the coming years. The path forward is equally daunting in the data centre and arguably less forgiving for ARM. Enterprise IT managers demand a robust TCO model, have little patience for downtime and ARM is unproven in these areas of real-world deployments. It may also not be worth the effort. "If you believe that ARM-based servers can grab 10% market share, how much *silicon* revenue is that? And how many SoC companies can it sustain?" asked Kanter, pointing out that in a market of only about 10 million units, there wasn't room for five to eight companies. "If you look at it that way, it's starting to sound like a pretty low volume business," he said. The ARM eco-system is coming to the data centre, that much is certain, but the road traveled to get there will be a long and challenging one with more competitive pressure than the firm has ever felt before. And success may not taste as sweet as the firm thinks it will be.   Sylvie Barak EE Times  
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