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2024-6-21 18:03
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在此介绍的是使用FPGA实现SD NAND FLASH的读写操作,以雷龙发展提供的CS创世SD NAND FLASH样品为例,分别讲解电路连接、读写时序与仿真和实验结果。 目录 1 视频讲解 2 SD NAND FLASH背景介绍 3 样品申请 4 电路结构与接口协议 4.1 SD NAND 4.2 SD NAND测试板 4.3 FPGA开发 板 5 SD卡协议与时序流程 5.1 SD卡协议 5.2 SD卡2.0版本初始化步骤 5.3 SD卡的读步骤 5.4 SD卡的写步骤 6 模块代码 6.1 sd_card_top 6.2 sd_card_cmd 6.3 sd_card_sec_read_write 6.4 spi_master 6.5 其余代码 6.5.1 sd_card_test 6.5.2 ax_debounce 6.5.3 seg_decoder 6.5.4 seg_scan 7 实验结果 8 参考资料 使用FPGA讲解SD NAND FLASH的文章网上也有很多比较详实的内容,本文的部分思路也是参考了其他博主的博客思路。 1 视频讲解 为了便于更加清晰地讲解内容,本文也将文章的对应部分以视频的形式进行了录制: (后期正在紧锣密鼓制作ing) 2 SD NAND FLASH背景介绍 目前市面上主流的存储芯片,分为了EEPROM、NOR FLASH、NAND FLASH三种,其中后两种是市面上主要的非易失闪存技术,他们分别具有不同的特点: 1.EEPROM EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable read only memory)是指带电可擦可编程只读存储器。是一种掉电后数据不丢失的存储芯片。 EEPROM 可以在电脑上或专用设备上擦除已有信息,重新编程。一般用在即插即用设备中。 相较于EEPROM计数,下文提到的FLASH技术,具有更快的速度,工艺上可以分为NOR FLASH和NAND FLASH两种 2.NOR FLASH NOR FLASH是一种非易失闪存技术。其特点是芯片内执行 (XIP),应用程序可以直接在存储芯片内运行,不必再把代码读到系统 RAM 中。其传输效率较高高,在 1~4MB 的小容量时具有很高的成本效益。 3.NAND FLASH NAND FLASH内部采用非线性宏单元模式,这种结构能提供极高的单元密度,并且写入和擦除的速度很快。作为当前最热门的存储芯片,目前生活中常见的电子产品都会使用到这种存储芯片,例如数码相机、U盘等等。 由于NAND FLASH在大容量应用中的便利性,因此作为今天介绍的主角~ 什么是SD NAND呢(以下省略FLASH)?下面的内容是从雷龙发展官网的介绍中得到: SD NAND俗称贴片式TF卡,尽管与TF卡名称类似,但是有较大的区别: 相比常见的TF卡,SD NAND是专门为内置存储进行设计,焊接在PCB板上以供工业级产品的应用。因此对品质稳定性、一致性、以及尺寸都有较高的要求。 下图中左侧即为SD NAND、右侧是常见的TF卡。 3 样品申请 本文所使用的CS创世SD NAND是从深圳雷龙发展申请获得,可以在官网中最上面找到申请样品的入口: 深圳市雷龙发展有限公司创立于2008年,专注NAND Flash设计研发13年。创始人均为步步高/华为技术背景出身。是一家专注于存储元器件代理分销商。 如果有一些技术问题也可以和其公司人员进行沟通,相关的工作人员非常专业和热心。 下图是我收到的测试样品: 4 电路结构与接口协议 4.1 SD NAND 本文所使用的产品是CSNP4GCR01-AMW,是雷龙的第二代产品,产品如下图所示: 数据手册可以在立创商城进行下载,其封装与连接的电路原理参考图如下图所示: 芯片共包含8个引脚,包括4根数据线(6、7、1、2);2根电源线(4、8);1根时钟线(3);1根命令控制线(5) 手册中提供了SD NAND的两种使用模式,分别为SD MODE 以及 SPI MODE。他们所对应的引脚定义,如下图所示: 对于两种模式的切换,官方给出了初始化的方式。下文在代码的时序部分也会涉及到相关内容。 在对SD卡数据读写速度要求不高的情况下,选用SPI通信模式可以说是一种最佳方案。因为在该模式下,同只需要通过四根线就是可以完成所有的数据交换,可以为我们节省出宝贵的FPGA I/O资源。下图给出了SPI一对一通信时,主设备与从设备之间的连接关系。 (注:SPI协议详解传送门) 因此本文主要介绍SPI MODE下各个引脚的功能: 确定了通讯模式后,也就便于我们后文中,利用这种通讯模式按照SD卡的读写时序进行读写操作。 4.2 SD NAND测试板 单独的SD NAND不便于我们使用FPGA进行读写测试,好在官方提供了测试板,如下图所示: 有了它就可以轻松实现SD NAND与我们常见的FPGA开发板上的Micro SD插槽进行连接与测试了。 适用产品:LGA8,6x8mm 封装的SD NAND产品。 测试板尺寸:长度6.22厘米,宽度2.49厘米,接口长度2.53厘米。 使用方法:将芯片焊接至测试板上,可在原有的Micro SD卡座上直接调试和测试。 准备工具:热风枪,锡膏,镊子。温度要求:将热风枪温度调至300摄氏度℃即可焊接。 4.3 FPGA开发板 本文所使用的是黑金的AX301开发板,上面装有一个 Micro SD 卡座, FPGA 通过 SPI 数据总线访问 Micro SD 卡,SD 卡座和 FPGA 的硬件电路连接如下: 借由硬件电路的连接,FPGA可以直接与我们的SD NAND进行通信了。 至此,我们已经实现了SD NANDSPI通信方式方案的确定以及基于此的硬件电路连接,下一步就是根据SD卡的读写时序讲通信方式初始化为SPI模式,并按照SD卡协议进行读写操作。 5 SD卡协议与时序流程 5.1 SD卡协议 以下内容来自黑金的实验手册: SD 卡的协议是一种简单的命令/响应的协议。全部命令由主机发起, SD 卡接收到命令后并返 回响应数据。根据命令的不同,返回的数据内容和长度也不同。 SD 卡命令是一个 6 字节组成的命 令包,其中第一个字节为命令号, 命令号高位 bit7 和 bit6 为固定的“01“,其它 6 个 bit 为具体 的命令号。第 2 个字节到第 5 个字节为命令参数。第 6 个字节为 7 个 bit 的 CRC 校验加 1 个 bit 的结束位。 如果在 SPI 模式的时候, CRC 校验位为可选。 如下图所示, Command 表示命令,通常使用十进制表示名称,例如 CMD17,这个时候 Command 就是十进制的 17。 对于详细的SD卡协议内容,可以参考传送门中的相关内容,给出了比较具体的解释。 SD 卡对每个命令会返回一个响应,每个命令有一定的响应格式。响应的格式跟给它的命令号 有关。在 SPI 模式中,有三种响应格式: R1, R2, R3。 在进行SD NAND的SPI模式读写操作时,主要使用到了以下几种SD卡命令,下面的表格进行简单介绍,这里可以找到完整版: 5.2 SD卡2.0版本初始化步骤 上电后延时至少 74clock,等待 SD 卡内部操作完成 片选 CS 低电平选中 SD 卡 发送 CMD0,需要返回 0x01,进入 Idle 状态 为了区别 SD 卡是 2.0 还是 1.0,或是 MMC 卡,这里根据协议向上兼容的,首先发送只有SD2.0 才有的命令 CMD8,如果 CMD8 返回无错误,则初步判断为 2.0 卡,进一步循环发送命令 CMD55+ACMD41,直到返回 0x00,确定 SD2.0 卡 如果 CMD8 返回错误则判断为 1.0 卡还是 MMC 卡,循环发送 CMD55+ACMD41,返回无错误,则为 SD1.0 卡,到此 SD1.0 卡初始成功,如果在一定的循环次数下,返回为错误,则进一步发送 CMD1 进行初始化,如果返回无错误,则确定为 MMC 卡,如果在一定的次数下,返回为错误,则不能识别该卡,初始化结束。 (通过 CMD16 可以改变 SD 卡一次性读写的长度) CS 拉高 5.3 SD卡的读步骤 发送 CMD17(单块)或 CMD18(多块)读命令,返回 0X00 接收数据开始令牌 fe(或 fc) +正式数据 512Bytes + CRC 校验 2Bytes(默认正式传输的数据长度是 512Bytes) 5.4 SD卡的写步骤 发送 CMD24(单块)或 CMD25(多块)写命令,返回 0X00 发送数据开始令牌 fe(或 fc) +正式数据 512Bytes + CRC 校验 2Bytes 6 模块代码 本代码所实现的功能,是基于黑金AX301B,实现对SD NAND FLASH的数据写入与读取,并显示在开发板的数码管上。当按下开发板上的按键时,会自动将数据加一操作,并进行同步显示。 前文介绍的是SD NAND的协议以及初始化、读写操作的流程,下面介绍代码的组成部分,整个工程主要由以下部分模块构成: sd_card_test(top模块) ax_debounce:ax_debounce_m0(按键消抖模块) sd_card_top:sd_card_top_m0(SD卡top模块) sd_card_cmd:sd_card_cmd_m0(SD卡指令) sd_card_sec_read_write:sd_card_sec_read_write_m0(SD卡读写) spi_master:spi_master_m0(SPI一个字节读写) seg_decoder:seg_decoder_m0(数码管控制) seg_decoder:seg_decoder_m1(数码管控制) seg_scan:seg_scan_m0(数码管控制) 下面主要介绍上述四个加粗的模块以及其功能 6.1 sd_card_top 本模块是SD card的top模块,用来实现不同子模块之间的连接。 // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BB S: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //========================================================================== // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/21 meisq 1.0 Original //*************************************************************************/ module sd_card_top #( parameter SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV = 248, // SD card low speed mode frequency division parameter,spi clk speed = clk speed /((SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV + 2) * 2 ) parameter SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV = 0 // SD card high speed mode frequency division parameter,spi clk speed = clk speed /((SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV + 2) * 2 ) ) ( input clk, input rst, output SD_nCS, //SD card chip select (SPI mode) output SD_DCLK, //SD card clock output SD_MOSI, //SD card controller data output input SD_MISO, //SD card controller data input output sd_init_done, //SD card initialization is complete input sd_sec_read, //SD card sector read input sd_sec_read_addr, //SD card sector read address output sd_sec_read_data, //SD card sector read data output sd_sec_read_data_valid, //SD card sector read data valid output sd_sec_read_end, //SD card sector read end input sd_sec_write, //SD card sector write input sd_sec_write_addr, //SD card sector write address input sd_sec_write_data, //SD card sector write data output sd_sec_write_data_req, //SD card sector write data next clock is valid output sd_sec_write_end //SD card sector write end ); wire spi_clk_div; //SPI module clock division parameter wire cmd_req; //SD card command request wire cmd_req_ack; //SD card command request response wire cmd_req_error; //SD card command request error wire cmd; //SD card command wire cmd_r1; //SD card expect response wire cmd_data_len; //SD card command read data length wire block_read_req; //SD card sector data read request wire block_read_valid; //SD card sector data read data valid wire block_read_data; //SD card sector data read data wire block_read_req_ack; //SD card sector data read response wire block_write_req; //SD card sector data write request wire block_write_data; //SD card sector data write data next clock is valid wire block_write_data_rd; //SD card sector data write data wire block_write_req_ack; //SD card sector data write response wire nCS_ctrl; //SPI module chip select control wire spi_wr_req; //SPI module data sending request wire spi_wr_ack; //SPI module data request response wire spi_data_in; //SPI module send data wire spi_data_out; //SPI module data returned wire clk_div; sd_card_sec_read_write #( .SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV(SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV), .SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV(SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV) ) sd_card_sec_read_write_m0( .clk (clk ), .rst (rst ), .sd_init_done (sd_init_done ), .sd_sec_read (sd_sec_read ), .sd_sec_read_addr (sd_sec_read_addr ), .sd_sec_read_data (sd_sec_read_data ), .sd_sec_read_data_valid (sd_sec_read_data_valid ), .sd_sec_read_end (sd_sec_read_end ), .sd_sec_write (sd_sec_write ), .sd_sec_write_addr (sd_sec_write_addr ), .sd_sec_write_data (sd_sec_write_data ), .sd_sec_write_data_req (sd_sec_write_data_req ), .sd_sec_write_end (sd_sec_write_end ), .spi_clk_div (spi_clk_div ), .cmd_req (cmd_req ), .cmd_req_ack (cmd_req_ack ), .cmd_req_error (cmd_req_error ), .cmd (cmd ), .cmd_r1 (cmd_r1 ), .cmd_data_len (cmd_data_len ), .block_read_req (block_read_req ), .block_read_valid (block_read_valid ), .block_read_data (block_read_data ), .block_read_req_ack (block_read_req_ack ), .block_write_req (block_write_req ), .block_write_data (block_write_data ), .block_write_data_rd (block_write_data_rd ), .block_write_req_ack (block_write_req_ack ) ); sd_card_cmd sd_card_cmd_m0( .sys_clk (clk ), .rst (rst ), .spi_clk_div (spi_clk_div ), .cmd_req (cmd_req ), .cmd_req_ack (cmd_req_ack ), .cmd_req_error (cmd_req_error ), .cmd (cmd ), .cmd_r1 (cmd_r1 ), .cmd_data_len (cmd_data_len ), .block_read_req (block_read_req ), .block_read_req_ack (block_read_req_ack ), .block_read_data (block_read_data ), .block_read_valid (block_read_valid ), .block_write_req (block_write_req ), .block_write_data (block_write_data ), .block_write_data_rd (block_write_data_rd ), .block_write_req_ack (block_write_req_ack ), .nCS_ctrl (nCS_ctrl ), .clk_div (clk_div ), .spi_wr_req (spi_wr_req ), .spi_wr_ack (spi_wr_ack ), .spi_data_in (spi_data_in ), .spi_data_out (spi_data_out ) ); spi_master spi_master_m0( .sys_clk (clk ), .rst (rst ), .nCS (SD_nCS ), .DCLK (SD_DCLK ), .MOSI (SD_MOSI ), .MISO (SD_MISO ), .clk_div (clk_div ), .CPOL (1'b1 ), .CPHA (1'b1 ), .nCS_ctrl (nCS_ctrl ), .wr_req (spi_wr_req ), .wr_ack (spi_wr_ack ), .data_in (spi_data_in ), .data_out (spi_data_out ) ); endmodule 6.2 sd_card_cmd sd_card_cmd 模块主要实验 sd 卡基本命令操作,还有上电初始化的 88 个周期的时钟,数据 块的读写,状态机如下: 代码如下: // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //========================================================================== // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/21 meisq 1.0 Original //*************************************************************************/ module sd_card_cmd( input sys_clk, input rst, input spi_clk_div, //SPI module clock division parameter input cmd_req, //SD card command request output cmd_req_ack, //SD card command request response output reg cmd_req_error, //SD card command request error input cmd, //SD card command input cmd_r1, //SD card expect response input cmd_data_len, //SD card command read data length input block_read_req, //SD card sector data read request output reg block_read_valid, //SD card sector data read data valid output reg block_read_data, //SD card sector data read data output block_read_req_ack, //SD card sector data read response input block_write_req, //SD card sector data write request input block_write_data, //SD card sector data write data next clock is valid output block_write_data_rd, //SD card sector data write data output block_write_req_ack, //SD card sector data write response output nCS_ctrl, //SPI module chip select control output reg clk_div, output reg spi_wr_req, //SPI module data sending request input spi_wr_ack, //SPI module data request response output spi_data_in, //SPI module send data input spi_data_out //SPI module data returned ); parameter S_IDLE = 0; parameter S_WAIT = 1; parameter S_INIT = 2; parameter S_CMD_PRE = 3; parameter S_CMD = 4; parameter S_CMD_DATA = 5; parameter S_READ_WAIT = 6; parameter S_READ = 7; parameter S_READ_ACK = 8; parameter S_WRITE_TOKEN = 9; parameter S_WRITE_DATA_0 = 10; parameter S_WRITE_DATA_1 = 11; parameter S_WRITE_CRC = 12; parameter S_WRITE_ACK = 13; parameter S_ERR = 14; parameter S_END = 15; reg state; reg CS_reg; reg byte_cnt; reg send_data; wire data_recv; reg wr_data_cnt; assign cmd_req_ack = (state == S_END); assign block_read_req_ack = (state == S_READ_ACK); assign block_write_req_ack= (state == S_WRITE_ACK); assign block_write_data_rd = (state == S_WRITE_DATA_0); assign spi_data_in = send_data; assign data_recv = spi_data_out; assign nCS_ctrl = CS_reg; always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) begin CS_reg <= 1'b1; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; clk_div <= 16'd0; send_data <= 8'hff; state <= S_IDLE; cmd_req_error <= 1'b0; wr_data_cnt <= 10'd0; end else case(state) S_IDLE: begin state <= S_INIT; clk_div <= spi_clk_div; CS_reg <= 1'b1; end S_INIT: begin //send 11 bytes on power(at least 74 SPI clocks) if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin = 16'd10) begin byte_cnt <= 16'd0; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; state <= S_WAIT; end begin byte_cnt <= byte_cnt + 16'd1; end end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_WAIT: begin cmd_req_error <= 1'b0; wr_data_cnt <= 10'd0; //wait for instruction if(cmd_req == 1'b1) state <= S_CMD_PRE; else if(block_read_req == 1'b1) state <= S_READ_WAIT; else if(block_write_req == 1'b1) state <= S_WRITE_TOKEN; clk_div <= spi_clk_div; end S_CMD_PRE: begin //before sending a command, send an byte 'ff',provide some clocks if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin state <= S_CMD; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; CS_reg <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_CMD: begin if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin if((byte_cnt == 16'hffff) || (data_recv != cmd_r1 && data_recv == 1'b0)) begin state <= S_ERR; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; end else if(data_recv == cmd_r1) begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; if(cmd_data_len != 16'd0) begin state <= S_CMD_DATA; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; end else state <= S_END; end else byte_cnt <= byte_cnt + 16'd1; end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; CS_reg <= 1'b0; if(byte_cnt == 16'd0) send_data <= (cmd | 8'h40); else if(byte_cnt == 16'd1) send_data <= cmd ; else if(byte_cnt == 16'd2) send_data <= cmd ; else if(byte_cnt == 16'd3) send_data <= cmd ; else if(byte_cnt == 16'd4) send_data <= cmd ; else if(byte_cnt == 16'd5) send_data <= cmd ; else send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_CMD_DATA: begin if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin if(byte_cnt == cmd_data_len - 16'd1) begin state <= S_END; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; end else begin byte_cnt <= byte_cnt + 16'd1; end end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_READ_WAIT: begin if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1 && data_recv == 8'hfe) begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; state <= S_READ; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_READ: begin if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin if(byte_cnt == 16'd513) begin state <= S_READ_ACK; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; end else begin byte_cnt <= byte_cnt + 16'd1; end end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_WRITE_TOKEN: if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin state <= S_WRITE_DATA_0; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hfe; end S_WRITE_DATA_0: begin state <= S_WRITE_DATA_1; wr_data_cnt <= wr_data_cnt + 10'd1; end S_WRITE_DATA_1: begin if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1 && wr_data_cnt == 10'd512) begin state <= S_WRITE_CRC; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; end else if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin state <= S_WRITE_DATA_0; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= block_write_data; end end S_WRITE_CRC: begin if(spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) begin if(byte_cnt == 16'd2) begin state <= S_WRITE_ACK; spi_wr_req <= 1'b0; byte_cnt <= 16'd0; end else begin byte_cnt <= byte_cnt + 16'd1; end end else begin spi_wr_req <= 1'b1; send_data <= 8'hff; end end S_ERR: begin state <= S_END; cmd_req_error <= 1'b1; end S_READ_ACK,S_WRITE_ACK,S_END: begin state <= S_WAIT; end default: state <= S_IDLE; endcase end always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) block_read_valid <= 1'b0; else if(state == S_READ && byte_cnt < 16'd512) block_read_valid <= spi_wr_ack; else block_read_valid <= 1'b0; end always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) block_read_data <= 8'd0; else if(state == S_READ && spi_wr_ack == 1'b1) block_read_data <= data_recv; end endmodule 6.3 sd_card_sec_read_write sd_card_sec_read_write 模块继续完成 SD 卡初始化,然后等待扇区读写指令,并完成扇区的 读写操作。 下图为模块的状态机转换图,首先发送 CMD0 命令,然后发送 CMD8 命令,再发送 CMD55,接着发送 ACMD41,如果应答正常, sd 卡初始化完成,等待扇区的读写。 代码如下: // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //=============================================================================== // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/21 meisq 1.0 Original //*******************************************************************************/ module sd_card_sec_read_write #( parameter SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV = 248, // spi clk speed = clk speed /((SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV + 2) * 2 ) parameter SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV = 0 // spi clk speed = clk speed /((SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV + 2) * 2 ) ) ( input clk, input rst, output reg sd_init_done, input sd_sec_read, input sd_sec_read_addr, output sd_sec_read_data, output sd_sec_read_data_valid, output sd_sec_read_end, input sd_sec_write, input sd_sec_write_addr, input sd_sec_write_data, output sd_sec_write_data_req, output sd_sec_write_end, output reg spi_clk_div, output reg cmd_req, input cmd_req_ack, input cmd_req_error, output reg cmd, output reg cmd_r1, output reg cmd_data_len, output reg block_read_req, input block_read_valid, input block_read_data, input block_read_req_ack, output reg block_write_req, output block_write_data, input block_write_data_rd, input block_write_req_ack ); reg read_data; reg timer; localparam S_IDLE = 0; localparam S_CMD0 = 1; localparam S_CMD8 = 2; localparam S_CMD55 = 3; localparam S_CMD41 = 4; localparam S_CMD17 = 5; localparam S_READ = 6; localparam S_CMD24 = 7; localparam S_WRITE = 8; localparam S_ERR = 14; localparam S_WRITE_END = 15; localparam S_READ_END = 16; localparam S_WAIT_READ_WRITE = 17; localparam S_CMD16 = 18; reg state; reg sec_addr; assign sd_sec_read_data_valid = (state == S_READ) && block_read_valid; assign sd_sec_read_data = block_read_data; assign sd_sec_read_end = (state == S_READ_END); assign sd_sec_write_data_req = (state == S_WRITE) && block_write_data_rd; assign block_write_data = sd_sec_write_data; assign sd_sec_write_end = (state == S_WRITE_END); always@(posedge clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) begin state <= S_IDLE; cmd_req <= 1'b0; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'd0; cmd <= 48'd0; spi_clk_div <= SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV ; block_write_req <= 1'b0; block_read_req <= 1'b0; sec_addr <= 32'd0; sd_init_done <= 1'b0; end else case(state) S_IDLE: begin state <= S_CMD0; sd_init_done <= 1'b0; spi_clk_div <= SPI_LOW_SPEED_DIV ; end S_CMD0: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_CMD8; cmd_req <= 1'b0; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'h01; cmd <= {8'd0,8'h00,8'h00,8'h00,8'h00,8'h95}; end end S_CMD8: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_CMD55; cmd_req <= 1'b0; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd4; cmd_r1 <= 8'h01; cmd <= {8'd8,8'h00,8'h00,8'h01,8'haa,8'h87}; end end S_CMD55: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_CMD41; cmd_req <= 1'b0; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'h01; cmd <= {8'd55,8'h00,8'h00,8'h00,8'h00,8'hff}; end end S_CMD41: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_CMD16; cmd_req <= 1'b0; sd_init_done <= 1'b1; spi_clk_div <= SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV ; end else if(cmd_req_ack) begin state <= S_CMD55; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'h00; cmd <= {8'd41,8'h40,8'h00,8'h00,8'h00,8'hff}; end end S_CMD16: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_WAIT_READ_WRITE; cmd_req <= 1'b0; sd_init_done <= 1'b1; spi_clk_div <= SPI_HIGH_SPEED_DIV ; end else if(cmd_req_ack) begin state <= S_CMD55; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'h00; cmd <= {8'd16,32'd512,8'hff}; end end S_WAIT_READ_WRITE: begin if(sd_sec_write == 1'b1) begin state <= S_CMD24; sec_addr <= sd_sec_write_addr; end else if(sd_sec_read == 1'b1) begin state <= S_CMD17; sec_addr <= sd_sec_read_addr; end spi_clk_div <= 16'd0; end S_CMD24: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_WRITE; cmd_req <= 1'b0; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'h00; cmd <= {8'd24,sec_addr,8'hff}; end end S_WRITE: begin if(block_write_req_ack == 1'b1) begin block_write_req <= 1'b0; state <= S_WRITE_END; end else block_write_req <= 1'b1; end S_CMD17: begin if(cmd_req_ack & ~cmd_req_error) begin state <= S_READ; cmd_req <= 1'b0; end else begin cmd_req <= 1'b1; cmd_data_len <= 16'd0; cmd_r1 <= 8'h00; cmd <= {8'd17,sec_addr,8'hff}; end end S_READ: begin if(block_read_req_ack) begin state <= S_READ_END; block_read_req <= 1'b0; end else begin block_read_req <= 1'b1; end end S_WRITE_END: begin state <= S_WAIT_READ_WRITE; end S_READ_END: begin state <= S_WAIT_READ_WRITE; end default: state <= S_IDLE; endcase end endmodule 6.4 spi_master 这一模块用来完成SPI一个字节的读写。 spi master 状态机设计, 主要完成一个字节 spi 数据的读写,由于是全双工的,写一个字节的 同时也读一个字节。 首先空闲状态“IDLE”接收到写请求后进入“DCLK_IDLE”状态,这个状态为 spi 时钟沿变化保持一定的时间,用来控制 spi 时钟的周期,然后进入 spi 时钟沿的变化状态,一 个字节上升沿和下降沿一共 16 个数据沿。 在最后一个数据沿进入“LAST_HALF_CYCLE”状态,为 让最后一个沿也保持一定的时间,再进入应答状态,完成一次写请求。spi_master 模块中模拟了一个 spi 时钟,在状态机进入到‘DCLK_EDGE’时进行翻转。状态机图示如下: 代码如下: // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //========================================================================== // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/19 meisq 1.0 Original //*************************************************************************/ module spi_master ( input sys_clk, input rst, output nCS, //chip select (SPI mode) output DCLK, //spi clock output MOSI, //spi data output input MISO, //spi input input CPOL, input CPHA, input nCS_ctrl, input clk_div, input wr_req, output wr_ack, input data_in, output data_out ); localparam IDLE = 0; localparam DCLK_EDGE = 1; localparam DCLK_IDLE = 2; localparam ACK = 3; localparam LAST_HALF_CYCLE = 4; localparam ACK_WAIT = 5; reg DCLK_reg; reg MOSI_shift; reg MISO_shift; reg state; reg next_state; reg clk_cnt; reg clk_edge_cnt; assign MOSI = MOSI_shift ; assign DCLK = DCLK_reg; assign data_out = MISO_shift; assign wr_ack = (state == ACK); assign nCS = nCS_ctrl; always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst) state <= IDLE; else state <= next_state; end always@(*) begin case(state) IDLE: if(wr_req == 1'b1) next_state <= DCLK_IDLE; else next_state <= IDLE; DCLK_IDLE: //half a SPI clock cycle produces a clock edge if(clk_cnt == clk_div) next_state <= DCLK_EDGE; else next_state <= DCLK_IDLE; DCLK_EDGE: //a SPI byte with a total of 16 clock edges if(clk_edge_cnt == 5'd15) next_state <= LAST_HALF_CYCLE; else next_state <= DCLK_IDLE; //this is the last data edge LAST_HALF_CYCLE: if(clk_cnt == clk_div) next_state <= ACK; else next_state <= LAST_HALF_CYCLE; //send one byte complete ACK: next_state <= ACK_WAIT; //wait for one clock cycle, to ensure that the cancel request signal ACK_WAIT: next_state <= IDLE; default: next_state <= IDLE; endcase end always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst) DCLK_reg <= 1'b0; else if(state == IDLE) DCLK_reg <= CPOL; else if(state == DCLK_EDGE) DCLK_reg <= ~DCLK_reg;//SPI clock edge end //SPI clock wait counter always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst) clk_cnt <= 16'd0; else if(state == DCLK_IDLE || state == LAST_HALF_CYCLE) clk_cnt <= clk_cnt + 16'd1; else clk_cnt <= 16'd0; end //SPI clock edge counter always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst) clk_edge_cnt <= 5'd0; else if(state == DCLK_EDGE) clk_edge_cnt <= clk_edge_cnt + 5'd1; else if(state == IDLE) clk_edge_cnt <= 5'd0; end //SPI data output always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst) MOSI_shift <= 8'd0; else if(state == IDLE && wr_req) MOSI_shift <= data_in; else if(state == DCLK_EDGE) if(CPHA == 1'b0 && clk_edge_cnt == 1'b1) MOSI_shift <= {MOSI_shift ,MOSI_shift }; else if(CPHA == 1'b1 && (clk_edge_cnt != 5'd0 && clk_edge_cnt == 1'b0)) MOSI_shift <= {MOSI_shift ,MOSI_shift }; end //SPI data input always@(posedge sys_clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst) MISO_shift <= 8'd0; else if(state == IDLE && wr_req) MISO_shift <= 8'h00; else if(state == DCLK_EDGE) if(CPHA == 1'b0 && clk_edge_cnt == 1'b0) MISO_shift <= {MISO_shift ,MISO}; else if(CPHA == 1'b1 && (clk_edge_cnt == 1'b1)) MISO_shift <= {MISO_shift ,MISO}; end endmodule 6.5 其余代码 6.5.1 sd_card_test // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //================================================================================ // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/19 meisq 1.0 Original //*******************************************************************************/ module sd_card_test( input clk, input rst_n, input key1, output SD_nCS, output SD_DCLK, output SD_MOSI, input SD_MISO, output seg_sel, output seg_data ); parameter S_IDLE = 0; parameter S_READ = 1; parameter S_WRITE = 2; parameter S_END = 3; reg state; wire sd_init_done; reg sd_sec_read; wire sd_sec_read_addr; wire sd_sec_read_data; wire sd_sec_read_data_valid; wire sd_sec_read_end; reg sd_sec_write; wire sd_sec_write_addr; reg sd_sec_write_data; wire sd_sec_write_data_req; wire sd_sec_write_end; reg wr_cnt; reg rd_cnt; wire button_negedge; reg read_data; ax_debounce ax_debounce_m0 ( .clk (clk), .rst (~rst_n), .button_in (key1), .button_posedge (), .button_negedge (button_negedge), .button_out () ); wire seg_data_0; seg_decoder seg_decoder_m0( .bin_data (read_data ), .seg_data (seg_data_0) ); wire seg_data_1; seg_decoder seg_decoder_m1( .bin_data (read_data ), .seg_data (seg_data_1) ); seg_scan seg_scan_m0( .clk (clk), .rst_n (rst_n), .seg_sel (seg_sel), .seg_data (seg_data), .seg_data_0 ({1'b1,7'b1111_111}), .seg_data_1 ({1'b1,7'b1111_111}), .seg_data_2 ({1'b1,7'b1111_111}), .seg_data_3 ({1'b1,7'b1111_111}), .seg_data_4 ({1'b1,seg_data_1}), .seg_data_5 ({sd_init_done,seg_data_0}) ); always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) wr_cnt <= 10'd0; else if(state == S_WRITE) begin if(sd_sec_write_data_req == 1'b1) wr_cnt <= wr_cnt + 10'd1; end else wr_cnt <= 10'd0; end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) rd_cnt <= 10'd0; else if(state == S_READ) begin if(sd_sec_read_data_valid == 1'b1) rd_cnt <= rd_cnt + 10'd1; end else rd_cnt <= 10'd0; end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) read_data <= 8'd0; else if(state == S_READ) begin if(sd_sec_read_data_valid == 1'b1 && rd_cnt == 10'd0) read_data <= sd_sec_read_data; end else if(state == S_END && button_negedge == 1'b1) read_data <= read_data + 8'd1; end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) sd_sec_write_data <= 8'd0; else if(sd_sec_write_data_req) sd_sec_write_data <= read_data + wr_cnt ; end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) begin state <= S_IDLE; sd_sec_read <= 1'b0; sd_sec_write <= 1'b0; end else if(sd_init_done == 1'b0) begin state <= S_IDLE; end else case(state) S_IDLE: begin state <= S_READ; end S_WRITE: begin if(sd_sec_write_end == 1'b1) begin sd_sec_write <= 1'b0; state <= S_READ; end else sd_sec_write <= 1'b1; end S_READ: begin if(sd_sec_read_end == 1'b1) begin state <= S_END; sd_sec_read <= 1'b0; end else begin sd_sec_read <= 1'b1; end end S_END: begin if(button_negedge == 1'b1) state <= S_WRITE; end default: state <= S_IDLE; endcase end sd_card_top sd_card_top_m0( .clk (clk ), .rst (~rst_n ), .SD_nCS (SD_nCS ), .SD_DCLK (SD_DCLK ), .SD_MOSI (SD_MOSI ), .SD_MISO (SD_MISO ), .sd_init_done (sd_init_done ), .sd_sec_read (sd_sec_read ), .sd_sec_read_addr (sd_sec_read_addr ), .sd_sec_read_data (sd_sec_read_data ), .sd_sec_read_data_valid (sd_sec_read_data_valid ), .sd_sec_read_end (sd_sec_read_end ), .sd_sec_write (sd_sec_write ), .sd_sec_write_addr (sd_sec_write_addr ), .sd_sec_write_data (sd_sec_write_data ), .sd_sec_write_data_req (sd_sec_write_data_req ), .sd_sec_write_end (sd_sec_write_end ) ); endmodule 6.5.2 ax_debounce // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //================================================================================ // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/5/3 meisq 1.0 Original //*******************************************************************************/ `timescale 1 ns / 100 ps module ax_debounce ( input clk, input rst, input button_in, output reg button_posedge, output reg button_negedge, output reg button_out ); ---------------- internal constants -------------- parameter N = 32 ; // debounce timer bitwidth parameter FREQ = 50; //model clock :Mhz parameter MAX_TIME = 20; //ms localparam TIMER_MAX_VAL = MAX_TIME * 1000 * FREQ; ---------------- internal variables --------------- reg q_reg; // timing regs reg q_next; reg DFF1, DFF2; // input flip-flops wire q_add; // control flags wire q_reset; reg button_out_d0; ------------------------------------------------------ contenious assignment for counter control assign q_reset = (DFF1 ^ DFF2); // xor input flip flops to look for level chage to reset counter assign q_add = ~(q_reg == TIMER_MAX_VAL); // add to counter when q_reg msb is equal to 0 combo counter to manage q_next always @ ( q_reset, q_add, q_reg) begin case( {q_reset , q_add}) 2'b00 : q_next <= q_reg; 2'b01 : q_next <= q_reg + 1; default : q_next <= { N {1'b0} }; endcase end Flip flop inputs and q_reg update always @ ( posedge clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) begin DFF1 <= 1'b0; DFF2 <= 1'b0; q_reg <= { N {1'b0} }; end else begin DFF1 <= button_in; DFF2 <= DFF1; q_reg <= q_next; end end counter control always @ ( posedge clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) button_out <= 1'b1; else if(q_reg == TIMER_MAX_VAL) button_out <= DFF2; else button_out <= button_out; end always @ ( posedge clk or posedge rst) begin if(rst == 1'b1) begin button_out_d0 <= 1'b1; button_posedge <= 1'b0; button_negedge <= 1'b0; end else begin button_out_d0 <= button_out; button_posedge <= ~button_out_d0 & button_out; button_negedge <= button_out_d0 & ~button_out; end end endmodule 6.5.3 seg_decoder // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //========================================================================== // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/19 meisq 1.0 Original //*************************************************************************/ module seg_decoder ( input bin_data, // bin data input output reg seg_data // seven segments LED output ); always@(*) begin case(bin_data) 4'd0:seg_data <= 7'b100_0000; 4'd1:seg_data <= 7'b111_1001; 4'd2:seg_data <= 7'b010_0100; 4'd3:seg_data <= 7'b011_0000; 4'd4:seg_data <= 7'b001_1001; 4'd5:seg_data <= 7'b001_0010; 4'd6:seg_data <= 7'b000_0010; 4'd7:seg_data <= 7'b111_1000; 4'd8:seg_data <= 7'b000_0000; 4'd9:seg_data <= 7'b001_0000; 4'ha:seg_data <= 7'b000_1000; 4'hb:seg_data <= 7'b000_0011; 4'hc:seg_data <= 7'b100_0110; 4'hd:seg_data <= 7'b010_0001; 4'he:seg_data <= 7'b000_0110; 4'hf:seg_data <= 7'b000_1110; default:seg_data <= 7'b111_1111; endcase end endmodule 6.5.4 seg_scan // // // // // // Author: meisq // // msq@qq.com // // ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // heijin // // WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ // // BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ // // // // // // // Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd // // All rights reserved // // // // This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided // // that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any // // derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated // // disclaimer. // // // // //========================================================================== // Revision History: // Date By Revision Change Description //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- // 2017/6/19 meisq 1.0 Original //*************************************************************************/ module seg_scan( input clk, input rst_n, output reg seg_sel, //digital led chip select output reg seg_data, //eight segment digital tube output,MSB is the decimal point input seg_data_0, input seg_data_1, input seg_data_2, input seg_data_3, input seg_data_4, input seg_data_5 ); parameter SCAN_FREQ = 200; //scan frequency parameter CLK_FREQ = 50000000; //clock frequency parameter SCAN_COUNT = CLK_FREQ /(SCAN_FREQ * 6) - 1; reg scan_timer; //scan time counter reg scan_sel; //Scan select counter always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) begin scan_timer <= 32'd0; scan_sel <= 4'd0; end = SCAN_COUNT) begin scan_timer <= 32'd0; if(scan_sel == 4'd5) scan_sel <= 4'd0; else scan_sel <= scan_sel + 4'd1; end else begin scan_timer <= scan_timer + 32'd1; end end always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n) begin if(rst_n == 1'b0) begin seg_sel <= 6'b111111; seg_data <= 8'hff; end else begin case(scan_sel) //first digital led 4'd0: begin seg_sel <= 6'b11_1110; seg_data <= seg_data_0; end //second digital led 4'd1: begin seg_sel <= 6'b11_1101; seg_data <= seg_data_1; end //... 4'd2: begin seg_sel <= 6'b11_1011; seg_data <= seg_data_2; end 4'd3: begin seg_sel <= 6'b11_0111; seg_data <= seg_data_3; end 4'd4: begin seg_sel <= 6'b10_1111; seg_data <= seg_data_4; end 4'd5: begin seg_sel <= 6'b01_1111; seg_data <= seg_data_5; end default: begin seg_sel <= 6'b11_1111; seg_data <= 8'hff; end endcase end end endmodule 7 实验结果 下载实验程序后,可以看到数码管显示一个数字,这个数字是存储在 sd 卡中第一扇区的第一 个数据,数据是随机的,这个时候按键 KEY1 按下,数字加一,并写入了 sd 卡,再次下载程序, 可以看到直接显示更新后的数据。