标签: i-v

除了直流I-V和电容测量，脉冲式I-V测量也可用于得出太阳能电池的某些参数。特别是，脉冲式I-V 测量在判断转换效率、最短载流子寿命和电池电容的影响时一直非常有用。 In addition to DC I-V and capacitance measurements, pulsed I-V measurements may be useful for deriving parameters of a solar cell. In particular, pulsed I-V measurements have been useful in determining the conversion efficiency, minimum carrier lifetime, and the effects of cell capacitance.   本文详细介绍的这些PV测量操作都可以利用针对半导体评测设计的自动化测试系统快速而简便地实现，例如来自吉时利仪器公司的4200-SCS半导体特征分析系统 4 。该系统能够采用四针探测方式提供并吸收电流，并支持软件控制的电流、电压和电容测量。该系统可以配置各种源和测量模块，进行连续式的和脉冲式的I-V与C-V测量，得到一些重要的PV电池参数。例如，该系统可以利用4225-PMU 模块连接到PV电池上进行脉冲式I-V扫描（如图8所示） 5 。除了提供脉冲电压源，该PMU还能够吸收电流，从而测出太阳能电池的输出电流，如图9所示。4200-SCS 系统支持各种硬件模块和软件测量函数库。   The PV measurements detailed here can be made quickly and simply by using an automated test system designed for evaluating semiconductors, such as the Model 4200-SCS Semiconductor Characterization System from Keithley Instruments. The system can source and sink current using a four-probe approach, and make software-controlled measurements of current, voltage, and capacitance. The system can be outfitted with a variety of source and measurement modules to make continuous and pulsed I‑V and C‑V measurements for deriving important PV cell parameters. For example, the system can be connected to a PV cell to perform a pulsed I‑V sweep using a Model 4225-PMU module ( Fig. 8 ). In addition to sourcing a pulsed voltage, the PMU can sink current so it can measure a solar cell’s output current as shown in Fig 9 . The Model 4200-SCS system is supported by a wide array of hardware modules and software measurement function libraries.                                        太阳能电池                                 SMA同轴线                             连接公共端   图8. 4225-PMU模块可用于PV电池的脉冲式I-V测量 Fig 8. The Model 4225-PMU module can be used to make pulsed I‑V measurements on a PV cell.     图9. 硅PV电池脉冲式I-V测量的绘图表示曲线 Fig 9. This curve is a graphical representation of pulsed I‑V measurements on a silicon PV cell.     作者简介 MaryAnne Tupta是吉时利仪器公司高级应用工程师。她在John Carroll大学获得物理/电子工程学士学位和物理学硕士学位。她自1988年以来一直帮助吉时利的用户进行仪器应用工作。她的联系电话是440-498-2715，电子邮箱为mtupta@keithley.com。   About the Author MaryAnne Tupta is a senior applications engineer at Keithley Instruments, Inc. She earned a B.S. in physics/electronic engineering and an M.S. in physics from John Carroll University. She has assisted Keithley customers with instrument applications since 1988. She can be reached at 440-498-2715 or mtupta@keithley.com.   脉冲式I-V、Q点、双通道、脉冲工具包http://www.keithley.com.cn/semi/4200scs/4200piv 4225-PMU超快I-V模块http://www.keithley.com.cn/products/semiconductor/parametricanalyzer/4200scs/?mn=4225-PMU 4200-SCS型半导体特征分析系统http://www.keithley.com.cn/products/localizedproducts/currentvoltage/4200scs 吉时利仪器公司“基于4200-SCS半导体特征分析系统的光伏材料与太阳能电池电气特征分析”3026号应用笔记www.keithley.com. 吉时利仪器公司“4225-PMU超快I-V模块的超快I-V应用”，电子书, www.keithley.com.

可以利用直流I-V 曲线图对PV电池进行评测，I-V图通常表示太阳能电池产生的电流与电压的函数关系（如图2所示）。电池能够产生的最大功率（P MA X）出现在最大电流（I MAX ）和电压（V MAX ）点，曲线下方的面积表示不同电压下电池能够产生的最大输出功率。我们可以利用基本的测量工具（例如安培计和电压源），或者集成了电源和测量功能的仪器（例如数字源表 或者源测量单元SMU ），生成这种I-V曲线图 。为了适应这类应用的需求，测试设备必须能够在PV电池测量可用的量程范围内提供电压源并吸收电流，同时，提供分析功能以准确测量电流和电压。简化的测量配置如图3所示。   PV cells can be evaluated by means of DC I‑V plots that typically show the current produced by a solar cell as a function of the voltage ( Fig. 2 ). The maximum power (P MAX ) available from a cell is shown at the point of maximum current (I MAX ) and voltage (V MAX ), and the area under the curve represents the maximum output power capability of a cell at different voltages. Such an I‑V plot can be produced using basic measurement tools, such as an ammeter and voltage source, or an instrument that combines source and measure capabilities, such as a SourceMeter® instrument or Source Measure Unit (SMU). To be suitable for this application, test equipment must be able to source voltage and sink current within a range usable for PV cell measurements and, at the same time, provide the analysis capability to measure current and voltage accurately. A simplified measurement configuration is shown in Fig 3 .                                        电池电流（mA）                                                     最大功率面积                                                             电池电压   图2. 该曲线给出了PV电池的典型正偏特性，其中最大功率（P MAX ）出现在最大电流（I MAX ）和最大电压（V MAX ）的交叉点。   Fig 2. This curve shows the typical forward-biased characteristics of a PV cell, with the maximum power (P MAX ) occurring at the junction of the maximum current (I MAX ) and the maximum voltage (V MAX ).       图3. 对太阳能电池进行I-V曲线测量的典型系统，由一个电流源和一个伏特计组成。 Fig 3. Typical system to make I-V curves on solar cells, consisting of a current source and voltmeter.   测量系统应该支持四线测量 模式。采用四线测量技术能够解决引线电阻影响测量精度的问题。例如，可以用其中一对测试引线提供电压源，用另一对引线测量流过电池的电流。重要的是要把测试引线放在距离电池尽可能近一些的地方。 The measurement system should allow for a four-wire measurement to be made. Using a four-wire technique eliminates the lead resistance from affecting the measurement accuracy. For example, one pair of test leads may be used to source voltage and the second pair of leads may be used to measure the current flowing from the cell. It is very important to place the test leads as close as possible to the cell.   图4给出了利用SMU测出的一种被照射的硅太阳能电池的真实直流I-V曲线。由于SMU能够吸收电流，因此该曲线通过第四象限，并且支持器件析出功率。   An actual DC I-V plot of an illuminated silicon solar cell measured with an SMU is shown in Fig 4 . Because an SMU can sink current, the curve passes through the fourth quadrant and allows power to be extracted from the device.       图4. 正偏（被照射的）PV电池的这种典型I-V曲线表示输出电流随电压升高而快速上升的情形。 Fig 4. This typical I‑V curve for a forward-biased (illuminated) PV cell indicates rapidly rising output current with increasing voltage.     4200-SCS/F型半导体特性分析系统，带平板显示 - 直流I-V、C-V和脉冲集成在一个测试环境中http://www.keithley.com.cn/products/dcac/waveform/?mn=4200-SCSF 数字源表：电流/电压数字源表与源测量仪器http://www.keithley.com.cn/products/localizedproducts/currentvoltage 源测量单元SMU：吉时利扩展源测量单元（SMU）产品线http://www.keithley.com.cn/bak_news/prod022006 I-V曲线图：使用静电计进行准确的高电阻测量时要考虑的最重要的问题是什么？http://www.keithley.com.cn/llm/a/17.html   四线测量：使用静电计进行准确的高电阻测量时要考虑的最重要的问题是什么？http://www.keithley.com.cn/llm/a/17.html        

高速皮安表 上升时间一般有 反馈电阻和并联电容 决定， 如图： 当R1;C1  与 RF； CF 时间常数相等时，可消除CF影响，即CF在理论上等于零；也就是说 实现皮安表的高速。 请问 各位如何理解？ 先说说我的理解，由于电路和高数不足，我没有推导出传递函数， 1.我推导可能是 极点和零点 实现想消，从而使运放可能还是单极点，保持原带宽不变   暂时我是这样理解 请指教 朋友们！