标签: energy

 India has the world’s fifth highest onshore installed wind power capacity that contributes about 65 per cent of the renewable energy capacity. Currently, with over 23 GW of wind energy capacity already installed and generating power, India has a mature onshore wind energy system. To complement the existing onshore wind energy capability, the NDA Government is giving serious impetus to offshore wind energy generation. The National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, recently announced by the Union Cabinet, aims to provide a never before boost to renewable energy development in the country.The approval of the national offshore wind energy policy is welcome, but the NDA Government must take note of the potential challenges of such projects, so that India can set its own benchmark in offshore wind energy generation.--- The Pioneer

MEMS-based designs can result to some strange and wonderful things. While thumbing through a recent issue of Wireless Design and Development (yes, it was print), I saw the story " Micro-Windmills: From Lab to Market " on MEMS devices which could be used to generate power from passing airflow, whether from the  convection currents of circuit heat, or general exposure to their surroundings, figure 1 . I did some further digging online and found more details on the work at the relevant press-release page of the University of Texas at Arlington, where much of the work is being done in conjunction with support and production from WinMEMS Technologies , a Taiwan-based company. Figure 1: The nickel-based MEMS micro-windmill can be bulk-manufactured on a waver using processes similar to conventional silicon-based ICs (courtesy University of Texas).   Building a MEMS windmill does seem pretty impressive, in part because you need a rotating joint, Figure 2 . While I have seen micro-gears and gear trains in experimental MEMS devices, and so we know this sort of mechanical structure can be fabricated, is still a real challenge. Figure 2: A microphotograph of the windmill shows its apparent simplicity and also its complexity (from WinMEMS Technologies Co,. Ltd.)   Several points in the story caught my attention. First, I assumed they used silicon as a base material, as nearly all MEMS devices do. It turns out that silicon doesn't work well here, because it is brittle despite its strength; instead, the team used nickel alloys. Also, at the tiny dimensions of these moving blades, the usually ignorable effects of factors such as moisture become an issue; in this case, the water molecules start to become glue-like and create static friction (stiction), so a special lubricant may be needed at the rotary joint Further, the article noted that there are very few development tools and established process techniques for fabricating nickel-based MEMS devices, so a lot of their progress was "learn as you go", based on their technical knowledge and dozen-plus years of experience with nickel alloys, etching, and plating. They wanted to make as much use as possible of the general process flow and wafer-scale manufacturing which silicon-based MEMS uses, to leverage the technology, production and cost curves. The work they have done on MEMS micro-windmills is absolutely impressive, no doubt of it. They envision a "field" of such micro-windmills implemented on a single die, which could produce "free" power -- the epitome of energy harvesting. I wonder about a few issues, though. I suspect that in order to get the attention of the broader audience, the press coverage touted applications such as recharging of cell phones, which is clearly a "hot button" angle to use. Yet while press releases talks about this micro-windmill as if the total energy-harvesting function is available, my closer reading of the reports indicates that they have the windmill part working, but there is no explanation of how actually they use it to generate electrical power from the turning motion. Is the next step placing micro-magnets on the blades and micro-coils right next to them? Other questions: what level of output power could you expect from these micro-windmills, assuming 100% conversion efficiency: is it microwatts, picowatts, femtowatts, or less? Since the power output and efficiency of windmills are each roughly proportional to the square of the air velocity, a micro-windmill might be have very low output at best, even before conversion losses. With all these tiny windmills in close proximity, there's also the well-known "shadowing" effect to consider: will the air flow to each be obstructed or turbulent, rather than laminar? However practical or realistic these micro-windmills will be, this is another dramatic example of how MEMS technology is opening up radically new approaches to implementation of existing devices as well as new concepts, from accelerometers to microphones, timing oscillators, and more. With silicon and even non-silicon MEMS-based components at one end of the design-resource continuum, and additive manufacturing/rapid prototyping at the other, there's lots of room for creativity. What new technologies do you see opening up radically new product-design opportunities?

We are aware that battery capability, which is primarily defined using energy density by volume and by weight, is a criucial factor in determining what we can expect of the units they power. Pundits at all levels of technical knowledge from near-zero to quite advanced keep reminding us of this obvious fact, and then opine on what they think will or should happen next. In many cases, these writers have an agenda (of course, a common one is "send us more grant money and funding so we can finish the job"), so it's hard to separate facts from hopes and wishful thinking.   That's why I was impressed by a recent article in The Wall Street Journal, " Tech World Vexed by Slow Progress on Batteries ," which I thought was one of the best and clearest assessments of the present status of battery technology and advances I have seen. The article made two points:   There have been significant advances in the last few years that have made many products practical, including smart phones and battery-powered tools. (The author cites specific examples.) Although each advance may have been modest in itself, they do add up to a genuine and substantial increase in performance metrics. The much-vaunted "breakthrough" that everyone wants, hopes for, or claims they are "this close" to, just isn't in sight. When you step back and look at the bigger picture, there's certainly been progress, but it has been in incremental layers, not major leaps. The breakthrough to allow practical batteries that are much, much lighter in weight, denser in capacity, and lower in cost (hopefully, all at the same time) is not just around the corner. It seems that we are bombarded with researchers claiming that they on the path for the breakthrough, but that hasn't materialized when you peel back the hype.   The supposed imminent "quantum leaps" (a very misused phrase) are really just modest advances of varying degrees, not game changers or "paradigm shifts," to use another cliché. Further, translating even a modest prototype battery improvement into actual volume manufacturing and OEM adoption is a long-term undertaking -- on the order of ten years or more. Regardless of the technology or chemistry you have, battery manufacturing is a very capital- , materials-, and production-intensive process.   There's another problem with supposed breakthroughs: You can only recognize them in retrospect, so you need the perspective of hindsight. It's like peak detection, in that you can only determine that you have had a peak after it has passed. Breakthroughs are very hard, if not impossible, to see as they approach or even as they happen, and it is even harder to see how they will really unfold. Consider these major breakthroughs in our industry: The transistor (1947) was demonstrated as an analog amplifier. Its role as a digital-switching building block was not really foreseen. The integrated circuit (1958) was an analog audio oscillator. The impact of large-scale integration for digital functions was not apparent. The laser (1960) was called "a solution in search of problems to solve" by observers. We know how that situation turned out!   While there may be a genuine order-of-magnitude battery breakthrough at some point, perhaps it will have an underlying principle that is fundamentally different from the electrochemical devices we now know as batteries. Maybe there will be a mini-fusion device (no, not the discredited cold fusion), something using an electrochemical basis quite different from what we know of, or even a device with a non-chemical basis for an entirely new type of battery.   After all, it's naive to think that we already are aware of all the basic processes that can happen at the molecular level and just have to work harder and smarter with them. The history of advances in science and engineering has many examples of cases where everything was presumed to be known, except that it wasn't. (See the insightful but very densely written classic The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by T.S. Kuhn, or at least get a readable summary of it.) There have been times where disparate advances come together in ways no one anticipated. (See the series Connections by James Burke.)   What's your assessment of the true state of battery technology advances and hype-versus-hope reality?

Only a few electronics principles can cause a gasp of amazement. Generally if you want to please a crowd, you have to push some serious voltage and get some arcs going. Another experiment, however, never fails to impress: the Seebeck Effect. For those who need a reminder, the Seebeck Effect allows you to convert temperature differences directly to electricity without any mechanical bits in-between.   Sean Hodgins, a student at McMaster University in Hamilton Ontario, felt like the impact that the Seebeck effect can have on people deserved making a cool way to show it off. He decided to make a ring that would harvest energy from his body heat to light an LED. This wasn't going to be a simple task for him, his major is automotive and vehicle technology, not electrical engineering. He had never designed a PCB before and had a lot of research to do. He started out by just measuring what kind of voltage he could create from his hand through a Peltier unit. He was able to pull roughly 0.3V in an air-conditioned room. This gave him somewhere to start as he knew he would need to get his voltage up in order to run an LED. After some searching and a bit of trial and error with a Lipower boost converter, he ended up finding a Linear Technology 3108 Ultra low Voltage Step-up converter and power Manager. This looked like it would be perfect, but represented even more new experiences for Sean, as it was a surface mount item. Some patience and a datasheet allowed him to work up a functional prototype circuit. From that point onward, all that was left was to clean things up and build the ring. His final PCB design ended up being roughly 33x13mm, small enough to fit on a large ring. After a little thought, he concluded it would be a large ring indeed. He decided to make something that fit on two fingers instead of one, allowing for even more surface for heat differences. As you can see, he managed to pull the entire package together successfully. It isn't the brightest LED, or the most stylish ring, but it is a pretty cool project that will surely amuse anyone he shows. He has also decided to further improve the system by altering the circuit to allow the LED to flash once it has enough power to fully light. This should make for a slightly more impressive display. By Caleb Kraft Chief Community Editor EE Times  

While approaching towards the end of this year, I have been reading quite a few articles on SmartGrids.  Some of them mention naming Smart Grid as "Smart" as one of the top ten blunders in 2011 while many of them mentions Smart Grids as one of the top technologies in the future.  However both of them are different.    Better visibility and control over the energy consumption is the requirement of both residents (energy consumers) as well as the utility companies (energy producers).   In order to make this much more energy efficient and greener 2012, SmartGrid is one attempt of many.  I would say this is still a kid and yet much work is to be done to make it SMART.   Take a look at a paper published around this here: http://www.slideshare.net/NaziaG/smart-home-energy-management   Comments on this are most welcome!