引用网址：http://blog.csdn.net/jiahaojie1984/archive/2009/04/03/4046890.aspx

安装NiosuClinux开发环境

（文/贾毫杰）

一、前期准备工作

首先，你必须安装Linux操作系统，而且还得有一些必要的软件包，现在你可以使用以下命令检验你的软件包是否齐全。
（1）以root权限登录进入系统：
如果你的操作系统是Fedora,RHEL,Centos
执行sudo yum install git-core make gcc ncurses-devel bison byacc flex gawk gettext ccache zlib-devel gtk2-devel lzo-devel
如果你的操作系统是Suse
执行sudo zypper install git-core make gcc ncurses-devel bison byacc flex gawk gettext ccache zlib-devel lzo-devel
如果你的操作系统是Debian/Ubuntu,
执行sudo apt-get update
    sudo apt-get install git-core make gcc ncurses-dev bison flex gawk gettext ccache zlib1g-dev libx11-dev texinfo lzo-dev
注意：如果Ubuntu不能找到lzo-dev软件包，请试一下lzo-dev2.
（2）检验你的git版本
执行git --version，如果你的版本低于1.5.3.x，请更新至最新版本。
（3）在Ubuntu操作系统下，你还需要检验默认Shell是否为“bash”
执行ls -l /bin/sh
应该显示"/bin/sh -> bash"
否则执行以下命令将默认shell改为bash
sudo rm /bin/sh
sudo ln -s bash /bin/sh

二、下载并解压必要的文件

1.确保你有至少5G的空余硬盘空间，然后使用wget来下载nios2-linux-20080619.tar 压缩文件，如果你已经有了nios2-linux-20080619.tar文件，请直接看第2步。
执行wget ftp://ftp.altera.com/outgoing/nios2-linux-20080619.tar可以下载得到压缩软件包。
注意：最好不要使用Windows ftp下载，因为这可能会损害文件。
2.将nios2-linux-20080619.tar放在你的工作目录下，如/home/jiahaojie/
执行tar xf <路径>nios2-linux-20080619.tar  # 解压软件包会得到一个nios2-linux文件夹
    cd nios2-linux    # 进入目录
    ls   # 查看文件
显示如下：
binutils  gcc3       README           uClibc        use_http_for_update
checkout  insight    toolchain-build  uClinux-dist
elf2flt   linux-2.6  u-boot           update

3.检查源文件
执行./checkout

到此为止，基于Nios2的uClinux源文件和其他工具软件已准备好了。

三、安装交叉编译工具链

    交叉编译工具链是用来
    交叉编译工具链的源文件已经包含在nios2-linux/toolchain-build中，你可以自己编译得到可用的二进制文件；如果你不愿麻烦，也可以从网上得到已经编译好的工具链，然后解压并安装在你的机器上，这样就能直接使用了。如果您有二进制的交叉编译工具链压缩文件（nios2gcc-20080203.tar.bz2这是最新的版本），请直接看第3步。

1.编译交叉编译工具链，这可能需要花费几个小时，如果你不愿麻烦，可以下载别人已经编译好的交叉编译工具链（http://nioswiki.jot.com/WikiHome/OperatingSystems/%C2%B5Clinux/BinaryToolchain/nios2gcc.tar.bz2?cacheTime=1167890021825）
执行cd toolchain-build
    git clean -f -x -d #如果第一次不成功，重新开始最好执行这一步，清除编译过程中产生的中间文件
    make gcc elf2flt #这一步可能需要花费几个小时
    cd ..
请看第2步
2.修改.bash_profile文件(如果是Debian/Ubuntu修改~/.profile文件)
执行 gedit ~/.bash_profile  #以图形方式打开.bash_profile文件
在~/.bash_profile或~/.profile文件的最后一行添加PATH=$PATH:/home/jiahaojie/nios2-linux/toolchain-build/build/nios2/bin，目的是把nios2/bin也加入到当前用户环境变量中，也只会对当前用户生效。
执行source ~/.bash_profile #使设置生效
然后跳过第3、4步，执行第5步，检验一下编译是否成功
注意：.bash_profile是隐藏文件，可以使用"ls -a"查看，使用"gedit .bash_profile"可以在图形界面下修改该文件。

3.如果你有已经编译好的二进制交叉编译工具链，请从这一步开始。
将nios2gcc-20080203.tar.bz2文件放到工作目录下（如/home/jiahaojie/）
执行su -i #获得你的root权限
    tar jxf /home/jia/nios2gcc-20080203.tar.bz2 -C /  #解压并安装nios2gcc，安装目录会在/opt/nios2下
请看第4步
4.修改.bash_profile文件(如果是Debian/Ubuntu修改~/.profile文件)
执行 gedit ~/.bash_profile  #以图形方式打开.bash_profile文件
在~/.bash_profile或~/.profile文件的最后一行添加PATH=$PATH:/opt/nios2/bin，目的是把nios2/bin也加入到当前用户环境变量中，也只会对当前用户生效。
执行source ~/.bash_profile #使设置生效
请看第5步

5.最后执行nios2-linux-uclibc-gcc -v #测试一下，至此nios2交叉编译工具安装结束，可以在uClinux中使用了
执行结果如下:
Reading specs from /opt/nios2/lib/gcc/nios2-linux-uclibc/3.4.6/specs
Configured with: /root/buildroot/toolchain_build_nios2/gcc-3.4.6/configure --prefix=/opt/nios2 --build=i386-pc-linux-gnu --host=i386-pc-linux-gnu --
target=nios2-linux-uclibc --enable-languages=c --enable-shared --disable-__cxa_atexit --enable-target-optspace --with-gnu-ld --disable-nls --enable-threads
--disable-multilib --enable-cxx-flags=-static
Thread model: posix
gcc version 3.4.6

现在，NiosuClinux开发环境就完全建立起来了，下一步你就可以使用这个开发环境定制属于自己的uClinux操作系统了。

引用网址：http://blog.ednchina.com/chong_lang/234427/message.aspx

标签： nios  ,  fpga,  uclinux  

最新nios2架构uclinux的过程

此文章是本人验证并整理后发布, 转贴的朋友请注明出处：http://blog.ednchina.com/chong_lang/

Here we will setup the source to build Nios2 uClinux. branch "test-nios2" , per 20080619.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

If you already have the toolchain and working uClinux-dist git repo, then you can skip the "new install" below and go to the second half, "Distro upgrade".

New install

You must have a Linux desktop with software development packages. Login as root or use sudo to install these packages.

On Fedora, RHEL, CentOS:

 (for RHEL or CentOS, please add epel repository, How to use EPEL)

sudo rpm -Uvh http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-3.noarch.rpm

sudo yum install git-all make gcc ncurses-devel bison byacc flex \

gawk gettext ccache zlib-devel gtk2-devel lzo-devel

On Suse:

sudo zypper install git-core make gcc ncurses-devel bison byacc \

flex gawk gettext ccache zlib-devel lzo-devel

On Debian/Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install git-core make gcc ncurses-dev bison flex gawk \

gettext ccache zlib1g-dev libx11-dev texinfo liblzo2-dev

(If Ubuntu/Debian can't find the liblzo2-dev package search for equivalent. This is needed for the MTD tools package.)

Please check your git version with "git --version". If it is older than 1.5.3.x, please update to the latest.

Default GCC compiler version for Ubuntu 9.04 is 4.3.3. To have successful build of toolchain from nios2-linux-20080619.tar - install GCC 4.1 and make appropriate symlinks for gcc and g++.

On Ubuntu, check if the default shell is "bash"

ls -l /bin/sh

This should give "/bin/sh -> bash",
Otherwise, change it with,

sudo rm /bin/sh

sudo ln -s bash /bin/sh

followed by a logout and log back in again.

As root, check if you have "cc" which is a symlink to "gcc" ?

which gcc

gcc -v

which cc

cc -v

if not, 

cd /usr/bin

ln -s gcc cc

Make sure you have 5GB or more free disk space. Please use wget to download the tar file nios2-linux-20080619.tar , 842MB. Best thanks to Altera's kindly hosting these files. Please verify the sha1sum after download.
(but don't use Windows ftp, it corrupt the files)

wget ftp://ftp.altera.com/outgoing/nios2-linux-20080619.tar

(SHA1SUM bb851b5494b4ae5c6ccdcfa5625b0f4d9340252a nios2-linux-20080619.tar)
We use "git" to keep the source. You make check out GitServer later. The git database inside the tar file was compressed, so we don't do compression on the tar file.

You can build in any working directory as a user account, eg. in your home (say /home/hippo). The tar file contains a nios2-linux dir.

tar xf <path_to>nios2-linux-20080619.tar  # untar the package

cd nios2-linux
ls   # see what's in
binutils  gcc3       README           uClibc        use_http_for_update
checkout  insight    toolchain-build  uClinux-dist
elf2flt   linux-2.6  u-boot           update

# check out the source

./checkout

Now the source files for the Nios2 uClinux and gnutools are ready. 

• 
  
• linux-2.6: the Linux kernel source, which is stock Linux kernel plus Nios2 specific patches. The current version is v2.6.26-rc6.
  
  
• uClinux-dist: the uClinux userspace libraries and applications. We will build uClinux here.
  
  
• binutils, gcc3, elf2flt, insight: the gnu tools.
  
  
• uClibc: the main userspace libraries, which is smaller that glibc. please note, newlib doesn't support Nios2 uClinux.
  
  
• u-boot: a powerful boot loader and monitor, DasUBoot .

We will proceed to build the toolchain. If you don't want or fail to build it yourself, you may use the prebuild BinaryToolchain.

此文章是本人验证并整理后发布，转贴的朋友请注明出处：http://blog.ednchina.com/chong_lang/

BinaryToolchain

Table of contents

No headers

Attached are binary of the tools to run on Linux PC and root fs from buildroot. You can use it to compile kernel and apps.

Login as a user account on Linux PC, eg, hippo. The user home dir will be /home/hippo, short form as ~/ .

Use wget to download the cross tools (69MB). Best thanks to Altera's kindly hosting these files. (but don't use Windows ftp, it corrupt the files)

wget ftp://ftp.altera.com/outgoing/nios2g...080203.tar.bz2

(sha1sum 6873249d8eae7c2981aac6791f044ddaab507566  nios2gcc-20080203.tar.bz2) 
Open a terminal. Run as root or use sudo,
sudo tar jxf nios2gcc-20080203.tar.bz2 -C /

The cross gcc tools was expected to be installed in /opt/nios2 dir. But you may install in any other dirs. Then setup the PATH for the cross gcc, you can add a line at the end of file ~/.bash_profile (or ~/.profile on Debian/Ubuntu) ( the file is hidden, you have to use "ls -a" to find it . For "gedit" use open Location, and enter the file name)

PATH=$PATH:/opt/nios2/bin

After you change the .bash_profile or .profile, you need to logout and login again. So that it will be in the PATH when you login.

Check with,
echo $PATH
It should display like this, with nios2 path at the end,
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/opt/nios2/bin

To verify the cross gcc, try out,
nios2-linux-uclibc-gcc -v
It should display the info,
Reading specs from /opt/nios2/lib/gcc/nios2-linux-uclibc/3.4.6/specs
Configured with: /root/buildroot/toolchain_build_nios2/gcc-3.4.6/configure --prefix=/opt/nios2 --build=i386-pc-linux-gnu --host=i386-pc-linux-gnu --target=nios2-linux-uclibc --enable-languages=c --enable-shared --disable-__cxa_atexit --enable-target-optspace --with-gnu-ld --disable-nls --enable-threads --disable-multilib --enable-cxx-flags=-static
Thread model: posix
gcc version 3.4.6

Then try build kernel and apps as in the uClinuxDist.

UClinuxDist

Table of contents

1.  1. update git to the latest

This page is about building the kernel and apps using uClinux-dist sources. 
If you have any problems, please post over on the Nios forum.

(This is different from the very old buildroot guide approach. DO NOT MIX UP)

Before you begin:

Follow instructions at InstallNios2Linux to download nios2-linux-20080616.tar and check out the source code.

Older version does NOT apply to the procedures described here.

In uClinux-dist dir, perform the menuconfig. DO NOT cd linux-2.6.x

cd uClinux-dist

make menuconfig

In the menuconfig, make sure it is selected as follows:

Vendor/Product Selection --->               # select
    --- Select the Vendor you wish to target

        Vendor (Altera)  --->               # should have default to Altera
    --- Select the Product you wish to target 

        Altera Products (nios2)   --->      # should have defaulted to nios2

Kernel/Library/Defaults Selection --->      # select

    --- Kernel is linux-2.6.x

        Libc Version (None)  --->           # should default to None - very important.

    [*] Default all settings (lose changes) # select

    [ ] Customize Kernel Settings 

    [ ] Customize Vendor/User Settings 

    [ ] Update Default Vendor Settings 

Then <exit> <exit> <yes>

DO NOT change any other setting until first successful boot.

Run vendor_hwselect to setup the memory and io port address map of your Nios II board (see LinuxHwselect for details) . Select the nios2 cpu and sdram.
(still in uClinux-dist dir, DO NOT cd linux-2.6.x)

# You must give the absolute path to ptf, no spaces allowed in the path.

make vendor_hwselect SYSPTF="/path"_to_your_hardware_project/your_system.ptf

Compile kernel and apps,

make

(this will take a while)

If you have errors, you can get cleaner messages by building in searial instead of in parallel:

 NON_SMP_BUILD=1 make

The compressed kernel is stored in the images folder, it is called zImage and is in ELF format. You can follow TryOutuClinux to run the new zImage.

In case you want a real clean restart, use "git clean",

git clean -f -x -d

Below is the the start up message of an Altera NEEK dev board.

# nios2-download -g images/zImage
Using cable "USB-Blaster [USB 2-1.2]", device 1, instance 0x00
Pausing target processor: OK
Initializing CPU cache (if present)
OK
Downloaded 1272KB in 7.7s (165.1KB/s)
Verified OK                         
Starting processor at address 0x00500000
# nios2-terminal
nios2-terminal: connected to hardware target using JTAG UART on cable
nios2-terminal: "USB-Blaster [USB 2-1.2]", device 1, instance 0
nios2-terminal: (Use the IDE stop button or Ctrl-C to terminate)

Uncompressing Linux... Ok, booting the kernel.
Linux version 2.6.26-rc6 (hippo@darkstar) (gcc version 3.4.6) #2 PREEMPT Mon Jun 16 14:30:09 CST 2008


uClinux/Nios II
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping off.  Total pages: 8128
Kernel command line: 
PID hash table entries: 128 (order: 7, 512 bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Memory available: 30136k/2333k RAM, 0k/0k ROM (1552k kernel code, 781k data)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
net_namespace: 180 bytes
NET: Registered protocol family 16
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
TCP reno registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered (default)
ttyJ0 at MMIO 0x8009340 (irq = 8) is a Altera JTAG UART
console [ttyJ0] enabled
ttyS0 at MMIO 0x8008e00 (irq = 7) is a Altera UART
dm9000 Ethernet Driver, V1.30
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 17
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
Freeing unused kernel memory: 572k freed (0x1b8000 - 0x246000)
Shell invoked to run file: /etc/rc
Command: hostname uClinux
Command: mount -t proc proc /proc
Command: mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
Command: mount -t usbfs none /proc/bus/usb
mount: mounting none on /proc/bus/usb failed: No such file or directory
Command: mkdir /var/tmp
Command: mkdir /var/log
Command: mkdir /var/run
Command: mkdir /var/lock
Command: mkdir /var/empty
Command: ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1
Command: route add -net 127.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 lo
Command: cat /etc/motd
Welcome to
          ____ _  _
         /  __| ||_|                 
    _   _| |  | | _ ____  _   _  _  _ 
   | | | | |  | || |  _ \| | | |\ \/ /
   | |_| | |__| || | | | | |_| |/    
   |  ___\____|_||_|_| |_|\____|\_/\_/
   | |
   |_|

For further information check:
http://www.uclinux.org/

Execution Finished, Exiting

Sash command shell (version 1.1.1)
/> 

Now, you can config uClinux-dist for costmize kernel and select your apps. I enabled only SMC91C111 and DM9000  Ethernet device drivers for Altera dev board in default config, you should enable your EtherNet driver in kernel config otherwise. see LinuxConfig for kernel config items.

Still in uClinux-dist dir, DO NOT cd linux-2.6.x

make menuconfig

Kernel/Library/Defaults Selection --->
(linux-2.6.x) Kernel Version 
(None) Libc Version 
[ ] Default all settings (lose changes) 

make

You may want to now run your own program on the uClinux system.

An example Hello World program is here: CompileHello

There are more example programs linked under Then More Fun here: μClinux

Here is more usage about uClinux,

/> ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.85  # staic ip
/> route add default gw 192.168.1.254     # gateway
/> ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:07:ED:00:00:00  
          inet addr:192.168.1.85  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:2260 (2.2 KiB)  TX bytes:2854 (2.7 KiB)
          Interrupt:8 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

/> inetd &  # start inetd to invoke telnetd and ftpd services
[22]
/> boa -d &  # start httpd with cgi-demo
[23]
/> netstat -a  # show network services
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 *:http                  *:*                     LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 *:ftp                   *:*                     LISTEN      
tcp        0      0 *:telnet                *:*                     LISTEN      
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node Path
/> free
MemTotal:         6520 kB
MemFree:          4340 kB
Buffers:             0 kB
/> ps
  PID PORT STAT  SIZE SHARED %CPU COMMAND
    1      S     147K     0K  2.8 /init
    2      S       0K     0K  0.0 ksoftirqd/0
    3      S       0K     0K  0.0 events/0
    4      S       0K     0K  0.0 khelper
    5      S       0K     0K  0.0 kthread
    6      S       0K     0K  0.0 kblockd/0
    7      S       0K     0K  0.0 pdflush
    8      S       0K     0K  0.0 pdflush
    9      S       0K     0K  0.0 kswapd0
   10      S       0K     0K  0.0 aio/0
   17      R     147K     0K  0.3 -/bin/sh
   19      S     147K     0K  0.2 dhcpcd
   22      S      95K     0K  0.1 inetd
   23      S     275K     0K  0.4 boa
/>

ftpd usage, user : ftp, password: <anything> , dir : /home/ftp
boa and cgi usage, dir : /home/httpd

You can check what is in busybox, by running "busybox" on uClinux.
You can check what is in sash, by "help" .

We use initramfs instead of the default romfs . The initramfs is generated from romfs dir and the dev file in vendors/Altera/nios2/romfs_list . See InitramfsUpdate .

The simplified "init" program will run etc/rc and etc/inittab during startup. 
If you want to customize startup, eg inet servers and eth config, you should update the files vendors/Altera/nios2/ rc and inittab.

We arrange to minimize the memory usage. We use sash as default shell, it is smaller than busybox and take less memory. We include some standalone networking servers, such as inetd and telnetd. We build some networking utility into busybox, such as ifconfig,route,netstat,telnet,wget..etc. We don't use sh in busybox, and don't use servers in busybox as it takes a lot of memory.

You may use the simple history in sash. Use "h" to list history. Use "!<d>" , d="1"..20, to recall one of the history, eg "!3" for the 3rd cmd line.

Use control-H for backspace.
/> h
 1: netstat -a
 2: date
 3: ntpdate pool.ntp.org
 4: date
 5: boa &
 6: inetd &
 7: ifconfig
 8: dhcpcd &
 9: free
10: ps
/> !10
  PID PORT STAT  SIZE SHARED %CPU COMMAND
    1      S     147K     0K  1.7 /init
    2      S       0K     0K  0.0 ksoftirqd/0
    3      S       0K     0K  0.0 events/0
    4      S       0K     0K  0.0 khelper
    5      S       0K     0K  0.0 kthread
    6      S       0K     0K  0.0 kblockd/0
    7      S       0K     0K  0.0 pdflush
    8      S       0K     0K  0.0 pdflush
    9      S       0K     0K  0.0 kswapd0
   10      S       0K     0K  0.0 aio/0
   11      S       0K     0K  0.0 mtdblockd
   18      R     147K     0K  0.1 /bin/sh
   19      S     147K     0K  0.0 dhcpcd
   22      S      95K     0K  0.0 inetd
   23      S     275K     0K  0.0 boa
/>