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原创 ubuntu user guide

2008-3-11 22:47 10439 9 9 分类: 软件与OS


  ubuntu user guide  


[edit]

General Notes


  1. This is an Unofficial Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Starter Guide. It is not associated with Ubuntu and Canonical Ltd.
  2. This guide can be discussed at the official UbuntuGuide.org Forum at ubuntuforums.org. Stop by and join the discussion.
  3. Guide is tested on a full installation of the Ubuntu 6.06 x86 Install CD (Dapper Drake)
  4. If
    you see a bluish box, this means you have to execute the commands in
    Terminal mode (Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal) or use
    the content of that box as mentioned in some other instructions.
  5. To
    reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode
    (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste". You can also use
    Ctrl+C to copy and Shift+Insert to paste it)
  6. "sudo" means superuser do. "sudo" will prompt for "Password:". Please specify user password
  7. If
    you want more information about any command, simply look at the manual
    page for it using the "man" command. For example, "man sudo" will
    display the manual page for the "sudo" command.
  8. If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Read #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)
  9. "apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs
  10. To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct
  11. If you wish to help translating Ubuntu to your native language or to help Ubuntu otherwise visit https://launchpad.net/
  12. May the "humanity to others" spirit be with you always...


If
you are using Kubuntu you don't need to install Gedit anymore, becouse
now there's a symbolic link from "gedit" to "kate", so you can use all
the commands below with no problems. By the way, if you want to use
gedit as your editor, do: 
sudo apt-get install gedit
If the "gedit" command (symbolic link) is not working, you could also create it: 
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/kate /usr/bin/gedit
If you are using 64-bit version replace any "i386" with "amd64"
[edit]

Getting Started

[edit]

What is Ubuntu

[edit]

What is new in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake

[edit]

Where to view Ubuntu screenshots / screencast

Videos
[edit]

Where to view Kubuntu screenshots / screencast

Videos

http://osvids.com/files/page3-108-pop.html

[edit]

Where to find a list of all the programs/libraries that comes with Ubuntu

[edit]

Where to download Ubuntu

[edit]

Where to order Ubuntu CDs for absolutely FREE

[edit]

Where to find help for Ubuntu

[edit]

Where to look for new programs

[edit]

Where to look for style elements for your desktop

[edit]

Repositories

[edit]

How to add extra repositories 

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backupsudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Replace everything with the following lines 
## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.   ## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.  deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final releasedeb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATESdeb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-freedeb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get update
  • You can also integrate your sources.list using this one really very complete: sources.list (be sure to replace "it" from "it.archive.ubuntu.com" occurances with your country code or delete "it." completely)
Use your own sources.list file only if you understand what you're doing
[edit]

Ubuntu Updates

[edit]

How to manually update Ubuntu 

sudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get upgrade

OR

Use Update Manager: System -> Administration -> Update Manager

[edit]

Add-On Applications

[edit]

How to use Easy Ubuntu

  • Read #General Notes
  • Easy
    Ubuntu is a small straight-forward utility that allows novice users to
    easily install a wide variety of content for Ubuntu such as media
    codecs, fonts, Macromedia Flash and Sun Java. 
wget http://robotgeek.org/eu/easyubuntu-3.0.tar.gztar -zxf easyubuntu-3.0.tar.gzcd easyubuntusudo python easyubuntu.py
  • From the Easy Ubuntu window, check the appropriate boxes to download and install content to Ubuntu.
[edit]

How to install Clipboard Daemon for GNOME 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemonsudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemonsudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Add the following line at the end of file 
@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
  • When asked, agree with DLJ license terms.
  • To configure J2SE as the default JVM (necessary for programs such as Frostwire, RSSOwl and as a plugin for Mozilla Firefox): 
sudo update-alternatives --config java

Then choose the option that corresponds to J2SE.

[edit]

How to install Flash Player (Macromedia Flash) Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfreesudo update-flashplugin
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox
[edit]

How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install acroreadsudo apt-get install mozilla-acroreadsudo apt-get install acroread-plugins
[edit]

How to install Download Manager (Downloader for X) 

sudo apt-get install d4x
[edit]

How to install FTP Client (gFTP) 

sudo apt-get install gftp
[edit]

How to install File share utility (DC++) 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /optsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Encoding=UTF-8Name=DC++Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/ldcppTerminal=falseType=ApplicationStartupNotify=trueIcon=/opt/linuxdcpp/pixmaps/linuxdcpp.svgCategories=Application;Network;
  • Save the edited file
  • Applications -> Internet -> DC++
[edit]

How to install P2P BitTorrent Client (Azureus) 

wget -c http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2sudo tar jxvf Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2 -C /optsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry] Name=AzureusComment=A Bittorrent clientExec=/opt/azureus/azureusIcon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.pngTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Network;
  • Save the edited file
  • Applications -> Internet -> Azureus
[edit]

How to install P2P eMule Client (aMule) 

sudo apt-get install amule
[edit]

How to install P2P Gnutella Client (FrostWire) 

wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.debsudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
  • Applications -> Internet -> FrostWire
[edit]

How to install Messenger (Skype) 

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Add the following lines at the end of file 
## Repository for Skypedeb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install skype
  • Applications -> Internet -> Skype
[edit]

How to install WinPopup (LinPopUp) 

sudo apt-get install linpopupsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=LinPopUpComment=LinPopUpExec=linpopupIcon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpmTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Utility;
[edit]

How to install Multimedia Codecs

Stubby All known codecs work except for wmv 

sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpegsudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-glsudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-basesudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-goodsudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-badsudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiversesudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-uglysudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse
[edit]

How to install DVD playback capability

ironss:
gstreamer dvd plugin is available as part of plugins-bad (or ugly?) and
does not work reliably. However, Totem works with the xine backend to
play back DVDs. This will keep you going until gstreamer gets dvd
playback. Note that you do not have to install xine-ui or mplayer as
suggested in 

sudo apt-get install libdvdread3 sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.shsudo apt-get install totem-xine

Stubby: gstreamer dvd plugin not ported to dapper yet. following instructions will not work properly 

sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2
[edit]

How to install Multimedia Player (xine-ui) 

sudo apt-get install xine-ui libxine-extracodecs
  • Associate xine-ui to play multimedia files 
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktopsudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backupsudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.listsudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
[edit]

How to install VLC Multimedia player 

sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-*
Applications -> Sound and Video -> VLC Media Player
[edit]

How to install Multimedia Player (Totem) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox 

sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox
[edit]

How to install Multimedia Player (XMMS) 

sudo apt-get install xmmssudo apt-get install xmms-skinswget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.debsudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
  • Associate XMMS to play MP3/M3U/WAV files 
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backupsudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmpsudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3usudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.listsudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.listsudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*
[edit]

How to install Multimedia Player (amaroK) 

sudo apt-get install amarok
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> amaroK
[edit]

How to install Multimedia Player (RealPlayer 10) 

sudo apt-get install realplay
Note:
'realplay' installs RealPlayer 10 from PLF repository, which you should
be enabled if you followed this guide. 'realplayer' installs RealPlayer
8 from multiverse.
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> RealPlayer 10
  • It will also install all the necessary plugins automagically for it to view embedded real videos in Firefox
  • To avoid issues of flickering or screen going blank when switching windows, goto
  • RealPlayer 10 -> Tools -> Preferences -> Hardware -> Uncheck XVideo
[edit]

How to install Stream Directory Browser (streamtuner) 

sudo apt-get install streamtunersudo apt-get install streamripper
[edit]

How to install Music Organizer (Cowbell) 

sudo apt-get install cowbell
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer
[edit]

How to install ID3 Tag Editor (EasyTAG) 

sudo apt-get install easytag
[edit]

How to install Video Editor (Kino) 

sudo apt-get install kinosudo apt-get install kinoplussudo apt-get install kino-timfxsudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler
[edit]

How to install Audio Editor (Audacity) 

sudo apt-get install audacity
[edit]

How to install DVD Ripper (dvd::rip) 

sudo apt-get install dvdripsudo apt-get install vcdimagersudo apt-get install cdrdaosudo apt-get install subtitlerippersudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=dvd::rip Comment=dvd::ripExec=dvdripIcon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpmTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;AudioVideo;
[edit]

How to install CD Ripper (Goobox) 

sudo apt-get install gooboxsudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktopsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=CD Player & RipperComment=Play and extract CDsExec=gooboxIcon=goobox.pngTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;AudioVideo;
[edit]

How to install Image Viewer (digiKam) 

sudo apt-get install digikam digikamimageplugins kipi-plugins
  • Applications -> Graphics -> digikam
[edit]

How to install Picasa image organizer 

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Add the following lines at the end of file 
# Google Picasa for Linux repositorydeb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install picasa
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Picasa
[edit]

How to install Opera web browser 

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Add the following lines at the end of file 
# The Opera web browser repopsitorydeb http://deb.opera.com/opera etch non-free
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install opera
  • Applications -> Internet -> Opera
  • To
    get java working go to
    Tools->Preferences->Advanced->Content-> Check "Enable
    Java". Click the "Enable Java..." button enter
    "/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/lib/i386" (for sun java) in the new
    dialog and then click the "Validate Java Path" button.
[edit]

How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird) 

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
[edit]

How to install Newsreader (Pan) 

wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/pan_0.100_i386.debsudo apt-get install libgmime2.1sudo dpkg -i pan_0.100_i386.deb
[edit]

How to install RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader (RSSOwl) 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gzsudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/sudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefoxexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/./run.sh
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.shsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=RSSOwlComment=RSSOwlExec=runRSSOwl.shIcon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpmTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Network;
  • Save the edited file
  • Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl
[edit]

How to install Web Authoring System (Nvu) 

sudo apt-get install nvusudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktopsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=NvuComment=Web Development EditorExec=nvuIcon=nvu.xpmTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Network;
[edit]

How to install Web Development Environment (quanta plus) 

sudo apt-get install quanta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus
[edit]

How to install Project Management Application (Planner) 

sudo apt-get install planner
[edit]

How to install Accounting Application (GnuCash) 

sudo apt-get install gnucashsudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=GnuCashComment=GnuCash Personal FinanceExec=gnucashIcon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.pngTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Office;
[edit]

How to install Desktop Publishing Application (Scribus) 

sudo apt-get install scribus
[edit]

How to install Diagram Editor (Dia) 

sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
[edit]

How to install Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM) 

sudo apt-get install xchm
[edit]

How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker) 

sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
[edit]

How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (K3b) 

sudo apt-get install k3b k3b-mp3
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b
[edit]

How to install Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP) 

sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
[edit]

How to install Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE) 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gzsudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=RP-PPPoEComment=RP-PPPoEExec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-guiIcon=Terminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Network;
[edit]

How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM) 

sudo apt-get install bum
[edit]

How to install Partition Editor (GParted) 

sudo apt-get install gparted
[edit]

How to install Firewall (Firestarter) 

sudo apt-get install firestarter
[edit]

How to install network traffic analyzer (Ethereal) 

sudo apt-get install ethereal
  • Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal
[edit]

How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus) 

sudo apt-get install nessussudo apt-get install nessusdsudo nessus-addusersudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusdsudo /etc/init.d/nessusd startsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=NessusComment=NessusExec=nessusIcon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpmTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;System;
[edit]

How to install RAR Archiver (rar) 

sudo apt-get install rarsudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
  • Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager
[edit]

How to install Extra Fonts 

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabicsudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asiansudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinesesudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-bigsudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-europeansudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanesesudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-bigsudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phoneticsudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11sudo apt-get install msttcorefontssudo fc-cache -f -v
Note:
Ubuntu Dapper comes with the DejaVu fonts (derived from Bitstream Vera)
and provides adequate support for Latin, Greek and Cyrillic based
languages.
[edit]

How to install Chinese Input Method (SCIM)

The
following advices are outdated and it could be hard to revert to normal
afterwards. Please follow instead the official Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake
guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/InputMethods/SCIM/CJK_Chinese_Japanese_Korean_Input_Method_configuration_using_SCIM_in_Ubuntu_6%2e06_Dapper_Drake

Please
note that scim is now installed by default in Dapper, and installing
Chinese, Japanese or Korean Support is done using
System>Administration>Language Support. The wiki details the
method more thoroughly 

sudo apt-get install scimsudo apt-get install scim-chinesesudo apt-get install scim-config-socketsudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodulesudo apt-get install scim-tables-zhwget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gzsudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ sudo fc-cache -f -v
  • System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
  • To activate SCIM 
Press 'Ctrl + Space'
[edit]

How to install Desktop Applets (gDesklets) 

sudo apt-get install gdeskletssudo apt-get install gdesklets-data
[edit]

How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential) 

sudo apt-get install build-essential
[edit]

How to install Integrated Development Environment (Anjuta) 

sudo apt-get install anjuta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE
[edit]

How to install MonoDevelop (C# IDE) 

sudo apt-get install mono mono-gmcs mono-gac mono-utils monodevelop
[edit]

How to install 3D modeling tool (Blender 3d) 

sudo apt-get install blender
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller
[edit]

How to install game Tuxracer 

sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
  • Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer
[edit]

How to install game Frozen-Bubble 

sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
  • Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble
[edit]

How to install game Scorched3D 

sudo apt-get install scorched3dsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=Scorched 3DComment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched EarthExec=scorched3dIcon=Terminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;
[edit]

How to install virtual planetarium (Stellarium) 

sudo apt-get install stellariumsudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=StellariumComment=Virtual planetariumExec=stellariumTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;Education;
  • Applications -> Education -> Stellarium
[edit]

How to install Google Earth 

wget -c http://dl.google.com/earth/GE4/GoogleEarthLinux.binsudo sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin
  • Leave /usr/local/google-earth as the installation path 
sudo cp /usr/local/google-earth/googleearth.desktop /usr/share/applications/
  • Applications -> Internet -> Google Earth


[edit]

How to install KDE Edutainment applications 

sudo apt-get install kdeedu
  • Applications -> Education -> ...
[edit]

How to install a windows emulator (Wine) 

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Add the following lines at the end of this file 
# Repository for winedeb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper maindeb-src http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install wine
[edit]

Other Desktop Environments

[edit]

How to install KDE 

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
Note: This installation will require ~400MB of disk space
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • To log in to KDE click on Sessions and choose KDE
[edit]

How to install XFCE 

sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • To log in to XFCE click on Sessions and choose XFCE


[edit]

How to install XFCE 4.4 preview versions (4.3.90.1)

  • to install Xfce 4.4 beta 1 (4.3.90.1) on a fresh install of Dapper: 
sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc pkg-config libglib2.0-0 \     libglib2.0-dev libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-dev libxml++2.6c2a libxml++2.6-dev \     libvte-dev libvte4 a2ps libxpm-dev libxpm4 alsa-source alsa alsa-base \     alsa-oss alsa-utils libxml-parser-perl libpng12-0 libpng12-dev libdbh1.0-dev
chmod +x xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.binsudo ./xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
  • finally to enable Xfce, you may need to enable it on the desktop manager (mark allow Xfce manage desktop)
[edit]

Eye Candy

[edit]

How to install Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia)



sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Find this section 
Section "Module"	Load	"i2c"	Load	"bitmap"	...	Load	"type1"	Load	"vbe"EndSection
  • Comment out dri and GLcore (if present) 
#	Load	"dri"#	Load	"GLcore"
  • Make sure the glx module is loaded 
	Load	"glx"
  • Find this section (your values may vary) 
Section "Device"	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"	Driver		"nv"	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"EndSection
  • Replace with the following lines, leaving the Identifier and BusID as it is 
Section "Device"	...	Driver		"nvidia"	...	Option		"RenderAccel"		"true"	Option		"AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"EndSection
  • Find this section 
Section "Screen"	Identifier	"Default Screen"	Device		"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"	Monitor		"Generic Monitor"	DefaultDepth	16
  • Make sure DefaultDepth is set to 24, if it isn't already 
	DefaultDepth	24
  • Save the edited file
  • Install Xgl/Compiz 
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnomesudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backupsudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
  • Replace everything with the following lines 
# GDM Configuration Customization file.## This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the# GDM configuration.   If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this# file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to# automatically update with the new configuration.  Not all configuration# options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be# necessary to modify this file directly by hand.# # To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in# the appropriate section in the template below.  Refer to the comments in the# gdm.conf file for information about each option.  Also refer to the reference# documentation.# # If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following# command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change.  Any running GDM GUI# programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.## gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"## For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by# "debug/Enable".## You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and# re-read the new configuration settings.  You can also restart GDM by sending# a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon.  HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes# any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like# gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.# # For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under# GNOME|System category.  You can also find the docs in HTML form on# http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/# # NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.# # Have fun![daemon][security][xdmcp][gui][greeter][chooser][debug][servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl0=Xgl [server-Xgl] name=Xgl server command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo flexible=true
  • Create a script that runs Xgl/Compiz on startup 
sudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
  • Insert
    the following lines into the new file. Replace .us with appropriate
    keyboard binding for your region. Eg .gb for United Kingdom. For a full
    list of keyboard bindings, type ls /usr/share/xmodmap in a terminal. If unsure, leave as .us (United States) 
#!/bin/bashgnome-window-decorator &  compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.us
  • Save the file 
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
  • To run compiz for this session 
thefuture
  • To have compiz load on startup
    • System -> Preferences -> Sessions
    • Startup Programs -> Add 
/usr/bin/thefuture
  • Troubleshooting
    • If Xgl/Compiz doesn't seem to work, or you get errors, simply restart your machine after adding "thefuture" to Startup programs
    • If
      moving windows slows down the system, run gconf-editor from the
      terminal. Find apps/compiz/general/screen0/options. Disable
      detect_refresh_rate and set refresh rate to 60. Everything should work
      fine now...
    • If you are using a non default keyboard
      layout (other language), you might have to change it back to what you
      need if the keyboard acts funny at System/Settings/Keyboard.
    • You can also set the Super-key to the windows button here.
  • Tips
    • Switch windows = Alt + Tab
    • Arrange and View All Windows = F12 turns on or off; clicking a window will zoom it to the front
    • Switch desktops on cube = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Switch desktops on cube - with active window following = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Rotate cube manually = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Make window translucent/opaque = currently only possible with the "transset" utility
    • Zoom-in once = Super-key right-click
    • Zoom-in manually = Super-key + wheel mouse up
    • Zoom-out manually = Super-key + wheel mouse down
    • Move window = Alt + left-click
    • Snap Move window (will stick to borders) = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Resize window = Alt + right-click
[edit]

How to install alternate boot splash screen

  • Read #General Notes
  • This
    installs a minimalistic splash screen that appears when the computer is
    booting up and shutting down. It is devoid of any text messages. 
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/usplash-minimalistic_0.1.debsudo dpkg -i usplash-minimalistic_0.1.debsudo update-alternatives --config usplash-artwork.so
  • Select
    the minimalistic alternative (/usr/local/lib/usplash/minimalastic.so)
    by entering the corresponding number. If you ever want to revert back
    to the original splash, select the default
    (/usr/lib/usplash/usplash-default.so)
  • Restart your computer to see the effects
[edit]

Commercial Applications

[edit]

How to install Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)

[edit]

How to install Windows Applications (CrossOver Office)

[edit]

How to install Windows Games (Cedega)

[edit]

User Administration

[edit]

How to set/change/enable root user password 

sudo passwd root
[edit]

How to disable root user account 

sudo passwd -l root
[edit]

How to allow root user to login into GNOME 

Security Tab -> Security -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)
[edit]

How to switch to root user in Console mode 

sudo -s -HPassword: <specify user password>
[edit]

How to add/edit/delete system users

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
  • Users and Groups 
Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete
or 
sudo useradd jimsudo userdel jim
  • For more info read 
man usermod
[edit]

How to add/edit/delete system groups

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
  • Users and Groups 
Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete
[edit]

How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure) 

Security Tab -> Enable Automatic Login (Checked)Now choose a user from the drop-down menu.
[edit]

How to allow more sudoers 

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure) 

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
  • Find this line 
...system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL...
  • Replace with the following line 
system_username	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session 

sudo -K
[edit]

How to change files/folders permissions 

Right click on files/folders -> Properties
Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)
[edit]

How to change files/folders ownership 

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

How to change files/folders group ownership 

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

Hardware

[edit]

How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA) 

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-commonsudo nvidia-glx-config enable
[edit]

How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Find this section 
...Section "Device"	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"	Driver		"nvidia"	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"...
  • Add the following line below it 
   Option		"NoLogo"
[edit]

How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)

[edit]

How to identify Modem chipset 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gzgunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModemchmod +x scanModemsudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
  • To identify Modem chipset 
sudo scanModemgedit Modem/ModemData.txt
[edit]

How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink) 

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.debsudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.debsudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon
[edit]

How to configure PalmOS Devices 

sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
  • Save the edited file
  • Add the pilot-applet to the Taskbar by Right-Clicking on an empty spot
  • Follow the instructions on screen
[edit]

How to list partition tables 

sudo fdisk -l
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
[edit]

How to list filesystem disk space usage 

df -T -h
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
[edit]

How to list mounted devices 

mount
[edit]

How to list PCI devices 

lspci
[edit]

How to list USB devices 

lsusb
[edit]

How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdromsudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
/dev/cdrom {    dma = on}
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
  • To mount CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
  • To unmount CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
[edit]

How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
[edit]

How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting 

sudo mount -a


[edit]

How to install a Wacom tablet

For
a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended
input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official
Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom

With
the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper
Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it
back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to
leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the
0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.

  • 1.
    Using Synaptic package manager1, check if the packages
    xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if
    not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also
    execute : 
     sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools
  • 2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf : 
      sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup
  • then edit it with the command line : 
      sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.
  • You
    should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure
    the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp,
    Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your
    stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole
    screen.
[edit]

CD/DVD Burning

[edit]

How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /dev/cdromcdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
[edit]

How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD 

nautilus burn:///
  • File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
  • Drag files/folders into window 
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write
[edit]

How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD 

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write
[edit]

How to duplicate CD/DVD

[edit]

How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM 
sudo umount /dev/cdromdd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024
[edit]

How to create Image (ISO) files from folders 

mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/
[edit]

How to generate MD5 checksum files 

md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
[edit]

How to check MD5 checksum of files

e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder 
md5sum -c file.iso.md5
[edit]

How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning 

sudo mkdir /media/isosudo modprobe loopsudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
  • To unmount Image (ISO) file 
sudo umount /media/iso/
[edit]

How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)
[edit]

How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)
[edit]

How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)
[edit]

Networking

[edit]

How to configure Google Talk

[edit]

How to activate/deactivate network connections

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Networking
  • Network settings 
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate
[edit]

How to configure network connections

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Networking
  • Network settings 
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> PropertiesConnection -> Enable this connection (Checked)Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"
DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete
[edit]

How to configure dialup connections 

sudo pppconfig
  • To connect dialup 
sudo pon provider_name
  • To disconnect dialup 
sudo poff
[edit]

How to configure broadband connections 

sudo pppoeconf
[edit]

How to change computer name

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Networking
  • Network settings 
General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

How to change computer descriptions 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...  server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)...
  • Replace with the following line 
  server string = new_computer_descriptions
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to change computer Domain/Workgroup 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...  workgroup = MSHOME...
  • Replace with the following line 
  workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service 

sudo apt-get install ipchecksudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
 #!/bin/sh USERNAME=myusername PASSWORD=mypassword HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org cd /root/ if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then  ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME else  ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME fi
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.shsudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
[edit]

How to share folders the easy way 

Right click on folder -> Share folder
Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name
[edit]

How to browse network computers

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
Read #How to access network folders without mounting
  • Places -> Network Servers
[edit]

How to access network folders without mounting

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Shared folder's name: linux
  • Press 'Alt+F2' (Run Application...) and enter: 
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
[edit]

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder 
sudo mkdir /media/sharenamesudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
  • To unmount network folder 
sudo umount /media/sharename/
[edit]

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder 
sudo mkdir /media/sharenamesudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
  • To unmount network folder 
sudo umount /media/sharename/
[edit]

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename 
sudo mkdir /media/sharenamesudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
username=myusernamepassword=mypassword
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentialssudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backupsudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials    0    0
[edit]

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename 
sudo mkdir /media/sharenamesudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
username=myusernamepassword=mypassword
  • Save the edited file 
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentialssudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backupsudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777  0    0
[edit]

How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work

[edit]

How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)

OR
  • Install manually 
wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gztar zxvf pptp.tar.gzsudo sh ./pptp/install
  • To configure PPTP Client 
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
  • Replace content of this file with the following lines 
[Desktop Entry]Name=PPTP ClientComment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)Categories=Application;NetworkEncoding=UTF-8Exec=gksudo pptpconfigIcon=gnome-remote-desktop.pngStartupNotify=trueTerminal=falseType=Application
  • The
    above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is
    placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the
    application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the
    menu.
  • Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client
[edit]

How to configure Network-manager with WPA 1 and 2 support

[edit]

Remote Desktop

[edit]

How to configure remote desktop (not secure)

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
  • System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
  • Remote Desktop Preferences 
Sharing ->Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)
Security ->Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)Password: Specify the password
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1 
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
  • To quit vncviewer 
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
[edit]

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • Download VNC Viewer: Here


[edit]

Windows

[edit]

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only


e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition 
sudo mkdir /media/windowssudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
  • To unmount Windows partition 
sudo umount /media/windows/
[edit]

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition 
sudo mkdir /media/windowssudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
  • To unmount Windows partition 
sudo umount /media/windows/
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windowssudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backupsudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows ntfs  nls=utf8,umask=0222 0    0
[edit]

How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows 
sudo mkdir /media/windowssudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backupsudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
/dev/hda1    /media/windows vfat  iocharset=utf8,umask=000  0    0


[edit]

Security

[edit]

What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu

  • Read #General Notes
  • Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
    • To
      prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g.
      UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the
      entire hard drive
    • To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
  • Ensure a password is set for BIOS
    • To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
  • Ensure computer is located at a secured place
    • To
      prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows
      them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different
      computer
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
  • Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
    • To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
    • Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
    • Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
  • Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
  • Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
  • Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
    • To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
    • Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
  • Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
  • For day to day usage, login as a normal user
  • Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
    • To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
    • "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
    • Read #How to disable root user account
  • Install a Firewall
  • Perform vulnerability test
[edit]

How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu 

grub
grub> md5cryptPassword: ****** (ubuntu)Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)grub> quit
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section 
...## password ['--md5'] passwd# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the# command 'lock'# e.g. password topsecret#   password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/# password topsecret...
  • Add the following line below it 
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Find this section 
...title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)root		(hd0,1)kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro singleinitrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386savedefaultboot...
  • Replace with the following lines 
#title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)#root		(hd0,1)#kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single#initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386#savedefault#boot
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to disable history listing in Console mode 

rm -f $HOME/.bash_historytouch $HOME/.bash_historychmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history
[edit]

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode 

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backupsudo gedit /etc/inittab
  • Find this line 
...ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now...
  • Replace with the following line 
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
  • Save the edited file 
sudo telinit q
[edit]

How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode 

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backupsudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
alias rm='rm -i'alias cp='cp -i'alias mv='mv -i'
  • Save the edited file


[edit]

Rescue Mode

[edit]

How to gain root user access without login

  • Read #General Notes
  • Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
    • Boot-up computer
    • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
    • Select 
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
[edit]

How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access

  • Read #General Notes
  • Boot-up computer
  • If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
  • If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
  • Select 
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
  • Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
  • Select 
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
  • Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
  • Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments 
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
  • Press 'b' to boot
[edit]

How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access

  • Read #General Notes
  • Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
  • At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument 
boot: rescue
  • Follow the instructions on screen
[edit]

How to change root user/main user password if forgotten 

# passwd root
  • To change main user password 
# passwd system_main_username
[edit]

How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten 

grub
grub> md5cryptPassword: ****** (ubuntu)Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)grub> quit
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/...
  • Replace with the following line 
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition 
# grub-install /dev/hda
[edit]

How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition 
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
title		Microsoft Windowsroot		(hd0,0)savedefaultmakeactivechainloader	+1
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine

OR
[edit]

Tips & Tricks

[edit]

How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer 

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
or 
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
[edit]

How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup 

sudo apt-get install numlockxsudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backupsudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
  • Find this line 
...exit 0
  • Add the following lines above it 
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then /usr/bin/numlockx onfi
[edit]

How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME 

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
[edit]

How to speed-up your Ubuntu box

[edit]

How to switch to Console mode in GNOME 

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch between consles in Console mode 
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch back to GNOME mode 
Press 'Alt + F7'
[edit]

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME 

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
Section "ServerFlags"	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"EndSection
[edit]

How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME 

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"
[edit]

How to refresh GNOME desktop 

killall nautilus
[edit]

How to refresh GNOME panel 

killall gnome-panel


[edit]

How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor 
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked)/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)
[edit]

How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

  • Read #General Notes
  • Places -> Home Folder
  • To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus 
Press 'Ctrl + H'
  • To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus 
Edit Menu -> Preferences
Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)
[edit]

How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus 

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
    • Insert the following lines into the new file 
[Desktop Entry]Name=File Browser (Root)Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file managerExec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"Icon=file-managerTerminal=falseType=ApplicationCategories=Application;System;
  • To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
    • Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)
[edit]

How to change default file type "Open with" program 

Right click on file -> Properties
Open With Tab -> AddSelect "Open with" program
Select "Open with" program (Checked)
[edit]

How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird 

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s
[edit]

How to open files as root user via right click 

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do	gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &done
  • Save the edited file 
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root
[edit]

How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode

Not for Dapper---- firingstone 

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...
General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)
[edit]

How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
  • Mozilla Firefox 
Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: ->network.dns.disableIPv6 -> truenetwork.http.pipelining -> truenetwork.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox
[edit]

How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox

  • Read #General Notes
  • Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
  • Mozilla Firefox 
Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
  • Restart Mozilla Firefox


[edit]

How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)

  • Read #General Notes
  • System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
  • To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. In
      the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate
      repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each
      repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright,
      Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you
      click OK between each repository to save your changes
    3. You
      should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure
      Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained
      (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
  • To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. Click on Add and then Custom
    3. Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time: 
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-freedeb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
  • To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update) 
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
  • To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade) 
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default UpgradeEdit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name) 
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
  • To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name) 
Select "package_name"Package Menu -> Mark for InstallationEdit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name) 
Select "package_name"Package Menu -> Mark for RemovalEdit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
[edit]

What packages do the extra repositories provide

  • The PLF repository provides
    1. DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
    2. Skype
    3. Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
    4. Opera Web browser
    5. RealPlayer 10
    6. Win32 binary multimedia codecs
[edit]

How to install/uninstall .deb files 

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
  • To uninstall .deb file 
sudo dpkg -r package_name
[edit]

How to convert .rpm files to .deb files 

sudo alien package_file.rpm
[edit]

How to rename all files in directory at once 

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgzsudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
  • To rename all files in directory at once 
mvb NEW_NAME
[edit]

How to manipulate all image files in directory at once 

sudo apt-get install imagemagickwget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.shsudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbipssudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
  • To manipulate all image files in directory at once 
bbips
[edit]

How to set System-wide Environment Variables 

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backupsudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to save "man" outputs into files 

man command | col -b > file.txt
[edit]

How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...#hiddenmenu...
  • Replace with the following line 
hiddenmenu
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...timeout     3...
  • Replace with the following line 
timeout     X_seconds
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu 

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this line 
...default     0...
  • Replace with the following line 
default     X_sequence
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up

e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gzchmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gzsudo mkdir /boot/grub/imagessudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backupsudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Find this section 
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)#      grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),#      grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub#      and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/....
  • Add the following line below it 
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu 
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm
[edit]

How to temporary skip boot-up services 

Press 'Ctrl + C'
[edit]

How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services

[edit]

How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown 

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backupsudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
  • Find this section 
... stop)  log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."  start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile  log_end_msg $?...
  • Add the following line below it 
  rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode 

Press 'Shift + Page Up'
  • To scroll down to view previously outputs 
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
[edit]

How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using 

cat /etc/issue
[edit]

How to set up automatic background change (GNOME) 

mkdir ~/.backgroundscd ~/.backgroundswget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/change_background.pychmod +x change_background.py
  • To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer 
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Add the following line at the end of file 
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py
For more information about periodic processes see 
man 5 crontab
[edit]

How to set up automatic background change (KDE)

  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
  • Choose Slide Show
  • Press Setup...
  • Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
  • Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
  • Press 'OK'
[edit]

How to add keyboard layouts for other languages

  • Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
  • Choose Layouts
  • Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
  • Choose Layout Options
  • Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
  • Choose
    the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard
    layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A
    common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
  • Press Close.

See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.

[edit]

How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce)

  • use *.lst files on /etc/X11/xkb/rules to select 2nd_laguage_code 
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,2nd_laguage_code
  • you
    can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on
    startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file): 
#!/bin/tcshsetxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,il
[edit]

How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet

  • Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
  • Click Add to Panel...
  • Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The
Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language
should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this
applet for more options or see above on how to configure.

[edit]

How to type extended characters

  • Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
  • Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The
key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens.
However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant
appears with an accent.

  • ' + a = á
  • ' + e = é
  • and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ
  • " + a = ä
  • " + e = ë
  • and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To
type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type '
and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space>
respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,

  • RightAlt+q = ä
  • RightAlt+w = å
  • RightAlt+e = é
  • RightAlt+r = ®
  • RightAlt+t = þ
  • RightAlt+y = ü
  • RightAlt+u = ú
  • RightAlt+i = í
  • RightAlt+o = ó
  • RightAlt+p = ö
  • RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
  • RightAlt+a = á
  • RightAlt+s = ß
  • RightAlt+d = ð
  • RightAlt+l = ø
  • RightAlt+; = ¶
  • RightAlt+: = °
  • RightAlt+z = æ
  • RightAlt+c = ©
  • RightAlt+n = ñ
  • RightAlt+m = µ
  • RightAlt+, = ç
  • RightAlt+/ = ¿
  • RightAlt+1 = ¡
  • RightAlt+2 = ²
  • RightAlt+3 = ³
  • RightAlt+4 = ¤
  • RightAlt+5 = €
  • RightAlt+6 = ¼
  • RightAlt+7 = ½
  • RightAlt+8 = ¾
  • RightAlt+9 = ‘
  • RightAlt+0 = ’
  • RightAlt+- = ¥
  • RightAlt+= = ×
  • RightAlt+! = ¹
  • RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
  • RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
  • RightAlt+$ = £
  • RightAlt+% =
  • RightAlt+^ =
  • RightAlt+& =
  • RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
  • RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
  • RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
  • RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
  • RightAlt+_ =
  • RightAlt++ = ÷
[edit]

How to set the Compose key to type special characters

  • Click System, Preferences, Keyboard.
  • Under Layout Options, expand on Compose key position.
  • Choose Right-Win key is compose, click Close.

Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to this keyboard settings file. Specifically, the lines that start with GDK_Multi_key are those that we can use here. The Compose key is actually GDK_Multi_key.

Some examples,

  • RightWin + C + = produces €
  • RightWin + = + C produces €
  • RightWin + C + O produces ©
  • RightWin + O + C produces ©
  • RightWin + a + ' produces á
  • RightWin + a + " produces ä
  • RightWin + a + ` produces à
  • RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
  • RightWin + a + * produces å
  • RightWin + a + ^ produces â
  • RightWin + a + > produces â
  • RightWin + a + , produces ą
  • RightWin + e + - produces ē
  • RightWin + S + 1 produces ¹
  • RightWin + S + 2 produces ²
  • RightWin + S + 3 produces ³
[edit]

Servers

[edit]

AntiVirus Server

[edit]

How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server 

sudo apt-get install clamav
[edit]

How to manually update virus databases 

sudo freshclam
[edit]

How to manually scan files/folders for viruses 

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
[edit]

How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses

e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
* * * * * means minute hour date month year 
export EDITOR=gedit &&  sudo crontab -e
  • Append the following line at the end of file 
00 00 * * *  sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
  • Save the edited file
[edit]

Print Server (cupsd)

[edit]

How to install cupsd

Cupsd
should be automatically installed during standard instaltion. Checkout
if there is a file "/etc/init.d/cupsys". If you want to manually
install it, do 
 sudo apt-get install cupsys*
[edit]

How to add a printer

In
gnome click on "System/Administration/Printing. And choose "Add
printer". A "add printer wizard" should start and tell you what to do.
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from another Ubuntu machine

  • Make sure your local printer is well configured.
  • Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
  • Client ip address: 192.168.0.23
    • Server configuration 
 sudo cp /etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.backup sudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
find the block 
<Location />  ...  Allow localhost  ...</Location>
and add the following line into it. 
 Allow 192.168.0.23
Restart cups. 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
    • Client configuration 
 sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup sudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
And add the following line into it. 
 ServerName 192.168.0.1
Restart cups. 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now try "lpq" and you should see something like 
 vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq HPLJ6P is ready no entries
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine

[edit]

Samba Server

[edit]

How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service 

sudo apt-get install sambasudo apt-get install smbfs
[edit]

How to add/edit/delete network users 

sudo smbpasswd -a system_usernamesudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
    • Insert the following line into the new file 
system_username = "network username"
    • Save the edited file
  • To edit network user 
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
  • To delete network user 
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
[edit]

How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Find this section 
...# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.  writable = no...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.  writable = yes
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo mkdir /home/groupsudo chmod 777 /home/group/sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following lines 
 security = user username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[Group]  comment = Group Folder  path = /home/group  public = yes  writable = no  valid users = system_username1 system_username2  create mask = 0700  directory mask = 0700  force user = nobody  force group = nogroup
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 


sudo mkdir /home/groupsudo chmod 777 /home/group/sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[Group]  comment = Group Folder  path = /home/group  public = yes  writable = yes  valid users = system_username1 system_username2  create mask = 0700  directory mask = 0700  force user = nobody  force group = nogroup
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes) 


sudo mkdir /home/publicsudo chmod 777 /home/public/sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user   username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]  comment = Public Folder  path = /home/public  public = yes  writable = no  create mask = 0777  directory mask = 0777  force user = nobody  force group = nogroup
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes) 

sudo mkdir /home/publicsudo chmod 777 /home/public/sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following lines 
  security = user  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]  comment = Public Folder  path = /home/public  public = yes  writable = yes  create mask = 0777  directory mask = 0777  force user = nobody   force group = nogroup
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No) 

sudo mkdir /home/publicsudo chmod 777 /home/public/sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following line 
  security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]  comment = Public Folder  path = /home/public  public = yes  writable = no  create mask = 0777  directory mask = 0777  force user = nobody  force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No) 

sudo mkdir /home/publicsudo chmod 777 /home/public/sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Find this line 
...;  security = user...
  • Replace with the following line 
  security = share
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
[public]  comment = Public Folder  path = /home/public  public = yes  writable = yes  create mask = 0777  directory mask = 0777  force user = nobody  force group = nogroup
  • Save the edited file 
sudo testparmsudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
[edit]

How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba 

 sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
Find the following lines 
 ... # printing = cups # printcap name = cups ...
and uncomment them. 
 printing = cups printcap name = cups
Restart cups server 
 sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
Now printers working on your Ubuntu machine should be acessible via samba.
[edit]

SSH Server

[edit]

How to install SSH Server for remote administration service 

sudo apt-get install ssh
[edit]

How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1 
ssh username@192.168.0.1
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory) 
scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/ 
scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory) 
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
[edit]

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/ 
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
[edit]

How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs)

e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
Remote machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote machine folder location: /media/music
  • Install sshfs 
sudo apt-get install sshfs
  • Load kernel driver for sshfs 
sudo modprobe fuse
  • For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules 
sudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Join the 'fuse' user group 
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
  • Create local mountpoint in your home directory 
mkdir ~/remote_music
  • Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music 
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/meida/music ~/remote_music
[edit]

How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download PuTTY: Here


[edit]

How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
  • Download FileZilla: Here
[edit]

How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely

e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely
This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that
try common username/password pairs.
  • Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with

sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL

  • Edit the configuration file

sudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config

  • Change the parameter PermitRootLogin from yes to no. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
  • Add the parameter AllowUsers and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
  • You can also use DenyUsers for fine-grained selection of users.
  • If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add AllowUsers nosuchuserhere to disable anyone connecting.
[edit]

DHCP Server

[edit]

How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment

e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
Domains: tm.net.my
Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1 
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-serversudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backupsudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
  • Find this line 
...INTERFACES=""
  • Replace with the following line 
INTERFACES="eth0"
  • Save the edited file 
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
  • Find this section 
...# option definitions common to all supported networks...option domain-name "example.org";option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
default-lease-time 600;max-lease-time 7200;...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# option definitions common to all supported networks...#option domain-name "example.org";#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
#default-lease-time 600;#max-lease-time 7200;
  • Find this section 
...# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;# option domain-name "internal.example.org";# option routers 10.5.5.1;# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;# default-lease-time 600;# max-lease-time 7200;#}...
  • Replace with the following lines 
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200; option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5; option domain-name "tm.net.my"; option routers 192.168.0.1; option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255; default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200;}
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart


[edit]

Database Server

[edit]

How to install MYSQL Database Server 

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
  • MySQL
    initially only allows connections from the localhost (127.0.0.1). We'll
    need to remove that restriction if you wish to make it accessible to
    everyone on the internet. Open the file /etc/mysql/my.cnf 
sudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  • Find the line bind-address = 127.0.0.1 and comment it out 
...#bind-address           = 127.0.0.1...
  • MySQL
    comes with no root password as default. This is a huge security risk.
    You'll need to set one. So that the local computer gets root access as
    well, you'll need to set a password for that too. The
    local-machine-name is the name of the computer you're working on. For
    more information see here 
mysqladmin -u root password your-new-passwordmysqladmin -h root@local-machine-name -u root password your-new-passwordsudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart
[edit]

How to install MYSQL Administrator 

sudo apt-get install mysql-admin
[edit]

Apache HTTP Server

[edit]

How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service 

sudo apt-get install apache2
[edit]

How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server

[edit]
How to install PHP4 
sudo apt-get install php4sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • To test if php4 installed correctly 
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
[edit]
How to install PHP5 
sudo apt-get install php5sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • To test if php5 installed correctly 
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Insert the following line into the new file 
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
[edit]

How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server 

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
  • Select either php4-mysql or php5-mysql depending on which version of PHP you installed 
sudo apt-get install php<version-number>-mysqlsudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
  • To get PHP to work with MySQL, open the file (where <version> is either 4 or 5 depending on which PHP you installed) 
sudo gedit /etc/php<version>/apache2/php.ini
  • You'll need to uncomment the ";extension=mysql.so" line so that it looks like this 
...extension=mysql.so...
  • Save the file then exit 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
[edit]

How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/ 

sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/
<Directory /location_of_folder/>  Options Indexes FollowSymLinks  AllowOverride All  Order allow,deny  Allow from all</Directory>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
[edit]

How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78 
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
  • Find this line 
Listen 80
  • Replace with the following line 
Listen 78
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
[edit]

How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News 
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gzsudo mkdir /var/www/feedssudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">  <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">  <head>  <title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>  <style type="text/css"> /*<![CDATA[*/ /*  DEFAULT TAG STYLES */  body {  background: #ffffff;  margin-left: 20px;  font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;  font-size: 9pt; }  h1 {  font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;  font-size: 15pt; }  /*]]>*/ </style>  </head>   <body>  <?php require_once 'rss_fetch.inc'; error_reporting(E_ERROR);  $url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml'; $rss = fetch_rss($url);  if ($rss) {   echo "<h1>";  echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";  echo "</h1>";   foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {   $url = $item[link];   $title = $item[title];   $description = $item[description];   echo "<li>";   echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";   echo "$description<br/><br/>";   echo "</li>";  }  } else {  echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>"; }  ?>  </body>  </html>
[edit]

FTP Server

[edit]

How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service 

sudo apt-get install proftpd
[edit]

How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this section 
...DenyFilter           \*.*/...
  • Add the following line below it 
DefaultRoot           ~
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous ~ftp> User            ftp Group            nogroup UserAlias          anonymous ftp DirFakeUser on ftp DirFakeGroup on ftp RequireValidShell      off MaxClients         10 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg DisplayFirstChdir      .message <Directory *>  <Limit WRITE>   DenyAll  </Limit> </Directory></Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous ~ftp> User            ftp Group            nogroup UserAlias          anonymous ftp DirFakeUser on ftp DirFakeGroup on ftp RequireValidShell      off MaxClients         10 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg DisplayFirstChdir      .message</Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/ 

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Append the following lines at the end of file 
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/> User            ftp Group            nogroup UserAlias          anonymous ftp DirFakeUser on ftp DirFakeGroup on ftp RequireValidShell      off MaxClients         10 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg DisplayFirstChdir      .message <Directory *>  <Limit WRITE>   DenyAll  </Limit> </Directory></Anonymous>
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to change the default port number for FTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77 
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Find this line 
Port              21
  • Replace with the following line 
Port              77
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
[edit]

How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
Read #How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
  • Download FileZilla: Here
[edit]

Streaming Media Server

[edit]

How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service

e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files 
sudo apt-get install gnump3d
[edit]

How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/ 
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line 
root = /var/music
  • Replace with the following line 
root = /home/music
  • Find this line 
user = gnump3d
  • Replace with the following line 
user = root
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
[edit]

How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878 
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Find this line 
port = 8888
  • Replace with the following line 
port = 7878
  • Save the edited file 
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart


[edit]

Image Gallery Server

  • For a comparison between Gallery1 and Gallery2 see here
[edit]

Gallery1

[edit]
How to install Gallery1 for Image Gallery Server service 
sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)sudo apt-get install imagemagicksudo apt-get install jheadsudo apt-get install libjpeg-progssudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restartsudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1Next Step ->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2General settings Tab ->Admin password: Specify the passwordLocations and URLs Tab ->Album directory: /var/www/albums/Temporary directory: /tmp/Gallery URL: http://localhost/galleryAlbums URL: http://localhost/albumsNext Step -->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3Next Step -->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4Save Config ->
[edit]
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)
e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com 
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backupsudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section 
...$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";...
  • Replace with the following lines 
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";
[edit]
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)
e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1 
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backupsudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Find this section 
...$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";...
  • Replace with the following lines 
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";
[edit]
How to backup/restore Gallery1 data 
sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
  • To restore Gallery data 
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
[edit]

Gallery2

[edit]
How to install Gallery2
[edit]
How to configure Gallery2
[edit]

Troubleshooting

[edit]

Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)

[edit]

Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load) 

service_name = ntpdate
[edit]

How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT) 

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backupsudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
  • Find this line 
...UTC=yes...
  • Replace with the following line 
UTC=no
  • Save the edited file
  • System -> Administration -> Time and Date 
Set the correct time/date
sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
[edit]

How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME 

sudo killall esdsudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backupsudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
  • Find this section 
...auto_spawn=0spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5...
  • Replace with the following lines 
auto_spawn=1spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
  • Save the edited file 
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
pcm.card0 {type hwcard 0}pcm.!default {type plugslave.pcm "dmixer"}pcm.dmixer {type dmixipc_key 1025slave {pcm "hw:0,0"period_time 0period_size 2048buffer_size 32768rate 48000}bindings {0 01 1}}
  • Save the edited file 
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1
System -> Preferences -> SoundSound preferences
General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
  • Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
[edit]

How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME 

sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
[edit]

How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME 

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu
[edit]

How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up) 

sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart
[edit]

How to consume static (not dhcp) wireless LAN (WLAN) connection (KDE)

  • I assume you have successfully consumed WLAN connection in Windows
  • To enable the network device please follow the following steps
  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Network Settings
  • Enable Administrator mode
  • Select Network Interfaces tab and the wireless interface (usually ath0) to configure
  • Click Configure Interface...
  • Choose Manual or Automatic. Choose Manual
  • Fill the preferred IP address to identify your computer and the netmask. Choose to activate when computer starts
  • Click Advanced Settings to for more properties
  • Select Routes tab and fill the gateway IP address
  • Make sure you choose the correct device in the right dropdown (e.g. ath0)
  • Click apply to commit all changes
  • To choose wireless connection please follow the following steps
  • Go to K-menu -> Internet -> Wireless Assistant
  • Right click on preferred connection ssid
  • Choose and complete fields for Manual connection
  • Click Ok
  • Create connection configuration 
sudo gedit /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
network={ssid="YOUR_PREFERRED_CONNECTION_SSID"scan_ssid=1proto=WPAkey_mgmt=WPA-PSKpsk="STRING_TO_GENERATE_PASSWORD"#psk=123456789 #you have option to use connection key instead of connection password}
  • Save the edited file
  • Create script to easily activate connection 
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
  • Insert the following lines into the new file 
#! /bin/sh# wifi: wpa_supplicant initecho " * [Wifi]: Enabling WPA supplicant..."if [ -x /sbin/wpa_supplicant ]; then/sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -D madwifi -wfiexit 0
  • Save the edited file
  • Make sure both file readable and executable 
sudo chmod +r /etc/wpa_supplicant.confsudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
  • make wireless connection automaticaly starts when computer starts 
sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh /etc/rcS.d/S40netwifiwpa
  • Close all opened applications, Reboot computer

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