标签: inl

DNL&INLAlthoughintegralanddifferentialnonlinearitymaynotbethemostimportantparametersforhigh-speed,highdynamicperformancedataconverters,theygainsignificancewhenitcomestohigh-resolutionimagingapplications.Thefollowingapplicationnoteservesasarefreshercoursefortheirdefinitionsanddetailstwodifferent,yetcommonlyusedtechniquestomeasureINLandDNLinhigh-speedanalog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs).Manufacturershaverecentlyintroducedhigh-performanceanalog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs)thatfeatureoutstandingstaticanddynamicperformance.Youmightask,"Howdotheymeasurethisperformance,andwhatequipmentisused?"ThefollowingdiscussionshouldshedsomelightontechniquesfortestingtwooftheaccuracyparametersimportantforAD……

模、数转换器设计指南……

摘要：许多工程师会在设计中遇到一些很微妙的问题：ADC的规格常常低于系统要求的指标。本文介绍了如何根据系统需求合理选择ADC，列举了ADC测量中可能遇到的各种误差源。ADC中的ABC：理解ADC误差对系统性能的影响Jul20,2009摘要：许多工程师会在设计中遇到一些很微妙的问题：ADC的规格常常低于系统要求的指标。本文介绍了如何根据系统需求合理选择ADC，列举了ADC测量中可能遇到的各种误差源。采用12位分辨率的模数转换器(ADC)未必意味着你的系统将具有12位的精度。很多时候，令工程师们吃惊和不解的是：数据采集系统所表现出的性能往往远低于期望值。如果这个问题直到样机运行时才被发现，只好慌慌张张地改用更高性能的ADC，大量的时间被花费在重新更改设计上，同时，试投产的日程在迅速临近。问题出在哪里?最初的分析中有那些因素发生了改变?对于ADC的性能指标有一个深入的了解，将有助于发现一些经常导致性能指标不尽人意的细节所在。对于ADC指标的理解还有助于为你的设计选择正确的ADC。我们从建立整个系统的性能需求入手，系统中的每个元器件都有相应的误差，我们的目标是将整体误差限定在一定的范围内。ADC是信号通道的关键部件，必须谨慎选择适当的器件。在我们开始评估整体性能之前，假设ADC的转换效率、接口、供电电源、功耗、输入范围以及通道数均满足系统要求。ADC的精度与几项关键规格有关，其中包括：积分非线性(INL)、失调和增益误差、电压基准的精度、温度效应、交流特性等。最好从直流特性入手评估ADC的性能，因为ADC的交流参数测试存在多种非标准方法，基于直流特性比较容易对两个IC进行比较。直流特性通常比交流特性更能反映器件的问题。系统要求确定系统整体误差的常见方法有两种：均方根和(RSS)、最差工作条件下的测试。采用RSS时，对每项误差取平均，然后求和并计算开方值。RSS误差由下式计算：……

摘要：尽管积分非线性和微分非线性不是高速、高动态性能数据转换器最重要的参数，但在高分辨率成像应用中却具有重要意义。本文简要回顾了这两个参数的定义，并给出了两种不同但常用的测量高速模数转换器(ADC)的INL/DNL的方法。高速模数转换器(ADC)的INL/DNL测量Aug20,2009摘要：尽管积分非线性和微分非线性不是高速、高动态性能数据转换器最重要的参数，但在高分辨率成像应用中却具有重要意义。本文简要回顾了这两个参数的定义，并给出了两种不同但常用的测量高速模数转换器(ADC)的INL/DNL的方法。近期，许多厂商推出了具有出色的静态和动态特性的高性能模数转换器(ADC)。你或许会问，“他们是如何测量这些性能的，采用什么设备?”。下面的讨论将聚焦于有关ADC两个重要的精度参数的测量技术：积分非线性(INL)和微分非线性(DNL)。尽管INL和DNL对于应用在通信和高速数据采集系统的高性能数据转换器来讲不算是最重要的电气特性参数，但它们在高分辨率成像应用中却具有重要意义。除非经常接触ADC，否则你会很容易忘记这些参数的确切定义和重要性。因此，下一节给出了这些定义的简要回顾。INL和DNL的定义DNL误差定义为实际量化台阶与对应于1LSB的理想值之间的差异(见图1a)。对于一个理想ADC，其微分非线性为DNL=0LSB，也就是说每个模拟量化台阶等于1LSB(1LSB=VFSR/2N，其中VFSR为满量程电压，N是ADC的分辨率)，跳变值之间的间隔为精确的1LSB。若DNL误差指标≤1LSB，就意味着传输函数具有保证的单调性，没有丢码。当一个ADC的数字量输出随着模拟输入信号的增加而增加时(或保持不变)，就称其具有单调性，相应传输函数曲线的斜率没有变号。DNL指标是在消除了静态增益误差的影响后得到的。具体定义如下：DNL=|[(VD+1-VD)/VLSB-IDEAL-1]|，其中0VD是对应于数字输出代码D的输入模拟量，N是AD……

摘要：MATLAB®是一个强有力的工具，可用来快速分析从模数转换器(ADC)输出所捕获的数据。本应用笔记演示了如何使用MATLAB来突破逻辑分析仪存储深度的局限。描述并比较了三种数码拼接方式(基本，超前和反转)。并给出了三种方法所得的结果。逻辑分析仪内存不足?“拼”出解决之道!Dec12,2005摘要：MATLAB是一个强有力的工具，可用来快速分析从模数转换器(ADC)输出所捕获的数据。本应用笔记演示了如何使用MATLAB来突破逻辑分析仪存储深度的局限。描述并比较了三种数码拼接方式(基本，超前和反转)。并给出了三种方法所得的结果。介绍要评估一个高速模数转换器(ADC)的性能，就需要捕获其数字输出码，然后进行分析。逻辑分析仪的存储深度常常成为一个重要局限，妨碍系统捕获足够的数据点，以生成高分辨率FFT，或者精确的INL/DNL图。解决该问题的一个简单办法是使用某种数学工具，例如MATLAB(图1)，将多组数据连接起来。连接数据的一个缺点是，通常会在两组数据之间的连接点出现很大的不连续性。尽管不连续性对INL/DNL图的影响极小，但对高分辨率FFT而言，几乎是毁灭性的(图2)。图1.连接后的数据在两组数据之间出现不连续。图2.a)捕获单组16384点数据并分析；b)捕获两组8192点数据，连接，然后分析“拼接”技术。有一种办法可以消除不连续性，就是在各组数据中寻找相同的点簇(一般为3到4个点)，然后在这些点将两组数据“拼接”在一起(图3)。最简单的“拼接”方法是，记录下第一组数据中的最后四个点，然后在第二组数据里寻找相同的点簇。相同点簇出现在第二组数据中的位置称为“拼接点”。第二组数据中在拼接点之前的所有数据均被舍弃；第二组数据中的剩余部分与第一组数据合并。这种技术即所谓的基本数码拼接，实现起来非常简单，可以在MATLAB中非常快地运行。图3.基本数码拼接后得到的最终“拼接”数组。采用基本拼接方法拼接数据时，有时必须丢掉第二组数据中的近一半，才能找到与第一组数据最后四个点相匹配的一簇点。……

Abstract:Despitethepopularityofdigitaldevices,real-worldsignalsaretypicallyrepresentedbyanalogsignals.Digitalcontrolsystemsprocessanalogsignalsbyusingananalog-to-digitalconverter(ADC)toconvertanalogsignalstodigital.Conversionsbacktoanalogsignalsareaccomplishedusingadigital-to-analogconverter(DAC).MaximoffersacompletelineofprecisionDACsfrom8to16bits.ItisimportanttofindaDACthatmeetstherequirementsoftheapplication.Adesignengineerneedstolookatparameterssuchaslinearity,resolution,speed,andaccuracywhenselectingaDAC.Maxim>Designsupport>Appnotes>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuits>APP1055Keywords:DACs,digitalanalog,digitaltoanalogconverter,INL,DNL,linearity,gainerror,offseterror,control,PLC,actuatorsApr16,2002APPLICATIONNOTE1055Digital-to-AnalogConvertersArea"Bit"AnalogAbstract:Despitethepopularityofdigitaldevices,real-worldsignalsaretypicallyrepresentedbyanalogsignals.Digitalcontrolsystemsprocessanalogsignalsbyusingananalog-to-digitalconverter(ADC)toconvertanalogsignalstodigital.Conversionsbacktoanalogsignalsareaccomplishedusingadigital-to-analogconverter(DAC).Maximoffersacompleteli……

Abstract:ThisapplicationnotedescribestechniquesofusingaPCbasedDigitalI/OBoardtocharacterizeanalog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs).ItwilllookatstaticDCparameterssuchasintegralnonlinearity(INL),differentialnonlinearity(DNL),gain,andoffseterrors,butalsonoise,internalreferencevoltage,andchannel-to-channelcouplingandmatching,aswellasthesupplyvoltagedependence.Maxim>AppNotes>A/DandD/ACONVERSION/SAMPLINGCIRCUITSKeywords:ADC,characterization,INL,DNL,gain,offset,channelcouplingandmatching,NationalIntruments,Aug01,2001NI,Labview,PC,DAQ,analogtodigitalconvertersAPPLICATIONNOTE633BenchCharacterizationofADCsUsingaLow-CostPC-BasedData-AcquisitionBoardAbstract:ThisapplicationnotedescribestechniquesofusingaPCbasedDigitalI/OBoardtocharacterizeanalog-to-digitalconverters(ADCs).ItwilllookatstaticDCparameterssuchasintegralnonlinearity(INL),differentialnonlinearity(DNL),gain,andoffseterrors,butalsonoise,internalreferencevoltage,andchannel-to-channelcouplingandmatching,aswellasthesupplyvoltagedependence.Withtheincreasingcomplexityofanalog-to-digi……

Abstract:Tounderstandtheeffectsofintegralnon-linearityerrors,themoststraightforwardapproachistoanalyzeasimplesinewaveandapplywell-knowntrigonometricidentitiestoanon-ideal,analog-to-digitaloutputtransferfunction,whichcontainsanINLerror.Maxim>AppNotes>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuitsFilterCircuits(Analog)Keywords:ADCs,analogtodigital,atod,INL,errors,intermodulationdistortion,linearity,lineartimeSep29,2003invariant,LTI,integralnon-linearity,DSP,signalprocessing,superposition,convertersAPPLICATIONNOTE2395UnderstandingIntegralNon-LinearityErrorsAbstract:Tounderstandtheeffectsofintegralnon-linearityerrors,themoststraightforwardapproachistoanalyzeasimplesinewaveandapplywell-knowntrigonometricidentitiestoanon-ideal,analog-to-digitaloutputtransferfunction,whichcontainsanINLerror.Withanidealsystem,asingle-tonesinewavewithamplitudeAandfrequencyfo,X(t)=Asin(2πfot)SamplingwithanADCwithaperiodofTresultsi……

Abstract:TheEffectiveNumberofBitsCalculator(ENOB)aidsinthedesignandanalysisofdataconverterapplicationcircuits.ItcalculatesENOB,SINAD,resolution,signalbandwidth,oversamplerates,DNL,clockjitter,analognoise,andTHD.ThecalculatorcanbeusedwithaHP®50gcalculatororafreePCemulator.Maxim>DesignSupport>TechnicalDocuments>Tutorials>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuits>APP5061Maxim>DesignSupport>TechnicalDocuments>Tutorials>DigitalPotentiometers>APP5061Maxim>DesignSupport>TechnicalDocuments>Tutorials>MeasurementCircuits>APP5061Keywords:EffectiveNumberBits,Calculator,ENOB,DataConverter,SINAD,Resolution,Signal,OversampleRates,DNL,Clock,Jitter,AnalogNoise,THD,ADC,DAC,AnalogDesign,DigitalAccuracy,HP50g,INL,TotalHarmonicDistortionAug09,2011TUTORIAL5061EffectiveNumberofBitsCalculatorTutorialBy:BillLaumeister,StrategicApplicationsEngineerAbstract:TheEffectiv……

Abstract:TheAccuracyCalculator(ACCU)aidsinthedesignandanalysisofdata-converterapplicationcircuits.ItcalculatestheDCaccuracyofanidealdataconverter.TheprogramisforusewithaHP®50gcalculatororfreePCemulator.Maxim>DesignSupport>AppNotes>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuits>APP5060Maxim>DesignSupport>AppNotes>DigitalPotentiometers>APP5060Keywords:ADC,DAC,Accuracy,Calculator,analogdigital,designanalysis,dataconverter,applicationcircuits,DCaccuracy,HP50g,Resolution,bits,PPM,INL,LSB,AnalogCircuitDesign,HP50gPrograms,ACCUAug09,2011APPLICATIONNOTE5060ADC/DACAccuracyCalculatorTutorialBy:BillLaumeister,StrategicApplicationsEngineerAbstract:TheAccuracyCalculator(ACCU)aidsinthedesignandanalysisofdata-converterapplicationcircuits.ItcalculatestheDCaccuracyofanidealdataconverter.Theprogram……

Abstract:TheglossaryprovidesadetaileddescriptionofACperformancetermsrelatedtohigh-speeddataconverterssuchasADCsandDACs.Italsogivessomeinsightintothetestconditionstheseparametersarespecifiedfor.Maxim>AppNotes>A/DandD/ACONVERSION/SAMPLINGCIRCUITSHIGH-SPEEDSIGNALPROCESSINGKeywords:aliasing,aperture,INL,crosstalk,coherentsampling,common-mode,DNL,dithering,ENOB,flash,Mar22,2001frequencybin,glitchenergy,latency,monotonicity,intermodulation,SNR,NPR,quantization,SFDR,SINAD,spectralleakage,THD,VSWRAPPLICATIONNOTE740GlossaryofFrequentlyUsedHigh-SpeedDataConverterTermsAbstract:TheglossaryprovidesadetaileddescriptionofACperformancetermsrelatedtohigh-speeddataconverterssuchasADCsandDACs.Italsogivessomeinsightintothetestconditionstheseparametersarespecifiedfor.Aliasing/Anti-AliasingInsamplingtheory,aninputsignal(fIN)mustbesampledwithatleasttwiceitsfrequency(Nyquistcrit……

Abstract:Alsocalledcodedensitytest,thehistogramtestapproachhelpsdeterminenonlinearityparameterssuchasdifferentialandintegralnonlinearities(INLandDNL)indataconverters.ThefollowingapplicationnotelendsinsightintothemathematicalrelationshipbetweenprobabilitydensityfunctionandvariousdataconverterspecificationsrequiredtosuccessfullycompletethehistogramtestMaxim>AppNotes>A/DandD/ACONVERSION/SAMPLINGCIRCUITSHIGH-SPEEDSIGNALPROCESSINGKeywords:codedensitytest,histogramtesting,ADC,high-speeddataconverter,integralnonlinearity,INL,May31,2003differentialnonlienarity,DNL,samplerecord,codecount,binwidth,probabilitydensityfunction,confidencelevel,hardwarehistogramAPPLICATIONNOTE2085HistogramTestingDeterminesDNLandINLErrorsAbstract:Alsocalledcodedensitytest,thehistogramtestapproachhelpsdeterminenonlinearityparameterssuchasdifferentialandintegralnonlinearities(INLandDNL)indataconverters.Thefollowingapplicationnotelendsinsightintothemathematicalrelationshipbetweenprobabilitydensityfunctionandvariousdataconverterspecificationsrequired……

摘要：数位计算器（ENOB），艾滋病在数据转换器应用电路的设计和分析的有效。它计算的ENOB，SINAD，分辨率，信号带宽，过采样率，DNL的，时钟抖动，模拟噪声和THD。该计算器可用于惠普®50克计算器或免费的PC模拟器。Maxim>DesignSupport>TechnicalDocuments>Tutorials>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuits>APP5061Maxim>DesignSupport>TechnicalDocuments>Tutorials>DigitalPotentiometers>APP5061Maxim>DesignSupport>TechnicalDocuments>Tutorials>MeasurementCircuits>APP5061Keywords:EffectiveNumberBits,Calculator,ENOB,DataConverter,SINAD,Resolution,Signal,OversampleRates,DNL,Clock,Jitter,AnalogNoise,THD,ADC,DAC,AnalogDesign,DigitalAccuracy,HP50g,INL,TotalHarmonicDistortionAug09,2011TUTORIAL5061EffectiveNumberofBitsCalculatorTutorialBy:BillLaumeister,StrategicApplicationsEngineerAbstract:TheEffectiv……

摘要：精度计算器（累加器）在数据转换器应用电路的设计和分析。它计算出一个理想的数据转换器的直流精度。该方案是使用与HP®50G计算器或免费的PC模拟器。Maxim>DesignSupport>AppNotes>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuits>APP5060Maxim>DesignSupport>AppNotes>DigitalPotentiometers>APP5060Keywords:ADC,DAC,Accuracy,Calculator,analogdigital,designanalysis,dataconverter,applicationcircuits,DCaccuracy,HP50g,Resolution,bits,PPM,INL,LSB,AnalogCircuitDesign,HP50gPrograms,ACCUAug09,2011APPLICATIONNOTE5060ADC/DACAccuracyCalculatorTutorialBy:BillLaumeister,StrategicApplicationsEngineerAbstract:TheAccuracyCalculator(ACCU)aidsinthedesignandanalysisofdata-converterapplicationcircuits.ItcalculatestheDCaccuracyofanidealdataconverter.Theprogram……

摘要：为了了解积分非线性误差的影响，最简单的方法是分析一个简单的正弦波和著名的三角身份申请不理想，从模拟到数字输出的传递函数，其中包含的INL错误。Maxim>AppNotes>A/DandD/AConversion/SamplingCircuitsFilterCircuits(Analog)Keywords:ADCs,analogtodigital,atod,INL,errors,intermodulationdistortion,linearity,lineartimeSep29,2003invariant,LTI,integralnon-linearity,DSP,signalprocessing,superposition,convertersAPPLICATIONNOTE2395UnderstandingIntegralNon-LinearityErrorsAbstract:Tounderstandtheeffectsofintegralnon-linearityerrors,themoststraightforwardapproachistoanalyzeasimplesinewaveandapplywell-knowntrigonometricidentitiestoanon-ideal,analog-to-digitaloutputtransferfunction,whichcontainsanINLerror.Withanidealsystem,asingle-tonesinewavewithamplitudeAandfrequencyfo,X(t)=Asin(2πfot)SamplingwithanADCwithaperiodofTresultsi……