Embedded ControllerHardware Designby Ken ArnoldTable of ContentsPreface ixChapter One Review of Electronics Fundamentals......................1Objectives.......................................................................2Embedded Microcomputer Applications.........................2Microcomputer and Microcontroller Architectures..........4Digital Hardware Concepts..............................................6Logic Symbols...............................................................17Timing Diagrams...........................................................19Multiplexed Bus............................................................20Loading and Noise Margin Analysis...............................21The Design and Development Process...........................21Chapter One Problems..................................................22Chapter Two Microcontroller Concepts....................................23Organization: von Neumann vs. Harvard......................24Microprocessor/Microcontroller Basics.........................24The 8051 Family MicrocontrollerProcessor Architecture..............................................27The 8051 Family MicrocontrollerInstruction Set Summary..........................................42Chapter Two Problems.................................................56Chapter Three Worst-Case Timing, Loading,Analysis, and Design............................................57Timing Diagram Notation Conventions........................58Fan-Out and Loading Analysis―DC and AC................63Logic Family IC Characteristics and Interfacing............75Design Example: Noise Margin Analysis Spreadsheet....82Worst-Case Timing Analysis Example...........................90Chapter Three Review Problems...................................92Chapter Four Memory Technologies and Interfacing................95Memory Taxonomy......................................................96Read/Write Memories.................................................100Read-Only Memory....................................................101Other Memory Types..................................................104JEDEC Memory Pin-Outs...........................................105Device Programmers...................................................106Memory Organization Considerations.........................107Parametric Considerations..........................................109Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Memory.....................110Error Detection and Correction...................................111Memory Management.................................................113Chapter Four Problems...............................................115Chapter Five CPU Bus Interface and Timing.......................,....117Read and Write Operations...................................,.....117Address, Data, and Control Buses..................,.............118Address Spaces and Decoding..........................,...........120Chapter Five Problems.....................................,..........124Chapter Six A Detailed Design Example................................125The Central Processing Unit (CPU)............................125External Data Memory Cycles.....................................134Design Problem 1.......................................................138Design Problem 2.......................................................139Design Problem 3.......................................................140Chapter Six Problems.................................................143Chapter Seven Programmable Logic Devices.............................145Introduction to Programmable Logic...........................147Design Examples.........................................................153Simple I/O Decoding and Interfacing Using PLDs........157IC Design Using PCs........................................................157Chapter Seven Problems..............................................159Chapter Eight Basic I/O Interfaces................................................161Direct CPU I/O Interfacing..........................................161Simple Input/Output Devices......................................169Program-Controlled I/O Bus Interfacing......................173Direct Memory Access (DMA)....................................175Elementary I/O Devices and Applications....................178Chapter Eight Problems..............................................181Chapter Nine Other Interfaces and Bus Cycles.........................183Interrupt Cycles..........................................................184Software Interrupts.....................................................184Hardware Interrupts...................................................184Chapter Ten Other Useful Stuff..............................................197Construction Methods................................................197Electromagnetic Compatibility...................................199Electrostatic Discharge Effects....................................199Fault Tolerance..........................................................200Hardware Development Tools.....................................201Software Development Tools......................................203Other Specialized Design Considerations...................203Processor Performance Metrics..................................206Device Selection Process............................................207Chapter Eleven Other Interfaces................................................209Analog Signal Conversion..........................................210Special Proprietary Synchronous Serial Interfaces.......211Unconventional Use of DRAM for Low CostData Storage...........................................................211Digital Signal Processing/Digital Audio Recording......212Appendix A Hardware Design Checklist................................215Appendix B References, Web Links, and Other Sources........225Index.........................................................................229……