Turning to Digital Crystals in GSM Transceivers Turning to Digital Crystals in GSM Transceivers VC-TCXO modules bring a size and cost penalty to next-generation GSM handset designs. Fortunately, DCXOs architectures are emerging that will addresses size and cost concerns in mobiles. Today, most GSM handsets use voltage-controlled, temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (VC-TCXO) modules as the system reference oscillator. To establish and maintain a robust wireless connection, the reference oscillator must attain high levels of precision and accuracy. Since accuracy over time is critical in a wireless phone design, the reference oscillator must be able to compensate for both static and dynamic errors. VC-TCXO modules meet these requirements through analog techniques to correct frequency devi……