Electrical motors operate on the principle that two magnetic fields within certain prescribed areas react upon each other. All electric motors use electromagnetic fields to create torque. The magnetic fields typically are generated using coils on the rotor and stator, and the field movement occurs naturally in the stator due to the alternating nature of the input power. Motor control is used to precisely control the position, velocity, and torque of a mechanical drive. Positioning-control systems most often employ step motors, dc-brush motors, and brushless-dc (permanent-magnet) motors.……