原创 IC 专业术语

//真的很搞，本来以为离开学校后再也不会考试了，呵呵，但是到公司后还是不断的参加考试，下周更惨，一周就考三次，哈哈。没办法，有些东西还得准备，专业术语也考，早就忘光了。

ASIC:  Application Specific Integrated Circuit.  专用IC

CPLD:  Complex Programmable Logic Device.  复杂可编程逻辑器件

EDA:   Electronic Design Automation.    电子设计自动化

FPGA:  Field Programmable Gate Array.  现场可编程 门阵列

GAL:   Generic Array Logic.                 通用阵列逻辑

HDL:   Hardware Description Language.    硬件描述语言

IP:     Intelligent Property.          智能模块

PAL:   Programmable Array Logic.   可编程阵列逻辑

RTL:   Register Transfer Level.   寄存器传输级描述）

SOC:   System On a Chip.                片上系统

SLIC:   System Level IC.                   系统级IC

VHDL:  Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language.     超高速集成电路硬件描述语言

A
　　ASIC（专用集成电路）
　　Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware
　　 in a chip.专用集成电路。一个在一个芯片上定制设计的硬件。
　　CISC（复杂指令集计算机）
　　Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor family. CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions, multiple addressing formats, and contain only a small number of general-purpose 　　registers. Intel"s 80x86 family is the quintessential example of CISC. Contrast with RISC.
　　 复杂指令集计算机。对一种处理器架构的描述。CISC处理器一般产生变长的指令，多种地址格式，并且仅仅有少量的通用寄存器。Intel的80x86家族是是典型的CISC处理器。相对于RISC而言。
　　CPU（中央处理器）
　　Central Processing Unit. The part of a processor that executes instructions.
　　中央处理器。处理器中执行指令的那一部分。
　　DMA（直接内存访问）
　　Direct Memory Access. A technique for transferring data directly between two peripherals (usually memory and an I/O device) with only minimal intervention by the processor. DMA transfers are managed by a third peripheral called a DMA controller.
　　直接内存访问。一种直接在两个外设（通常是内存和I/O设备）之间进行数据传输的技术，它只要处理器最少的介入。DMA传输由叫DMA控制器的第三方外设进行管理。
　　DRAM（动态随机访问存储器）
　　Dynamic Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that maintains its contents only as long as the data stored in the device is refreshed at regular intervals.
　　 The refresh cycles are usually performed by a peripheral called a DRAM controller.
　　动态随机访问存储器。一种RAM，存储在其设备中的数据被定期刷新时才能保存它的内容。刷新周期一般由一个叫DRAM控制器的外设完成。
　　Deadlock（死锁）
　　An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked, w　　aiting for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If a deadlock occurs, the only solution is to reset the hardware. However, it is usually possible to prevent deadlocks altogether by following certain software design practices.
　　一种不希望出现的软件状态，在这个状态下，所有的任务因为等待一个只有在这些被阻塞任务之一才能产生的事件而被阻塞。如果死锁发生，唯一解决的方法是重启动硬件。但是，通过可靠的软件设计实践活动通常可以防止死锁的发生。
　　device driver（设备驱动程序）
　　A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and prov
　　ides a high-level programming interface to it.
　　 一个软件模块，它隐藏特定外设的细节并提供高级的外设编程接口。
　　digital signal processor（数字信号处理器）
　　A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU has been optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal processing. In addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually support a set of complex instructions to perform common signal-processing com　putations quickly.Common DSP families are TI"s 320Cxx and Motorola"s 5600x series.
　　 一种类似于微处理器的的设备，不同的是它内部的CPU被优化，用于特定的应用，如离散信号处理。除了标准的微处理器指令外，DSP常常支持复杂指令集去非常快地完成通用的信号处理计算。通用DSP家庭是TI的320Cxx和Motorola的5600x系列。
　　E
　　EEPROM（电可擦的，可编程的只读存储器）
　　Electrically Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. (Pronounced"Double-E"-PROM.) A type of ROM that can be erased electronically.
　　电可擦的，可编程的只读存储器。一种ROM能被电擦除。
　　EPROM（可擦的，可编程的只读存储器）
　　Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed with the help of a device programmer.
　　一种可用紫外线擦除的存储器。一次擦除后，EPROM可以在设备编程器的帮助下被重编程。
　　embedded system（嵌入式系统）
　　A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case
of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer.
　　 计算机硬件和软件的结合体，或许还加上机械等其他部分，被设计来完成专门的功能。在一些情况下，嵌入式系统是一个大的系统或产品的一部分，就象汽车上的防抱死装置。与通用计算机相对。
　　Firmware（固件）
　　Embedded software that is stored as object code within a ROM. This name is most common among the users of digital signal processors.
　　是作为目标代码存贮在ROM中的嵌入式软件。这个名字在数字信号处理器的用户中相当流行。
　　flash memory （闪存）
　　A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. Such devices are divided into blocks, called sectors, that are individually-er
　　asable. Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile data storage at very low cost. In some cases, a large fash memory may even be used instead of a disk-drive.
　　 一种RAM-ROM的混血儿，它能在软件的控制下被擦除和重写。一些设备被分成叫段组的块，能个别地可擦。闪存用在需要很便宜的非易失数据存贮器的地方，一个大容量的闪存甚至被用作磁盘驱动器。
　
　　Heap（堆）
　　An area of memory that is used for dynamic memory allocation. Calls to malloc and free and the C++ operators new and delete result in run-time manipulation of the heap.
　　一块被用作动态内存分配的内存区域。调用malloc和free、C++的操作符new、delete在运行时进行堆的操作。
　　ICE
　　In-Circuit Emulator. See emulator.
　　ISR（中断服务程序）
　　See interrupt service routine.
　　instruction pointer（指令指针）
　　A register in the processor that contains the address of the next instructio
　　n to be executed. Also known as a program counter.
　　包含下一条要执行指令地址的处理器中的寄存器。也叫程序计数器。
　　Interrupt（中断）
　　An asynchronous electrical signal from a peripheral to the processor. When the peripheral asserts this signal, we say that an interrupt occurs. When an　　interrupt occurs, the current state of the processor is saved and an interrupt service routine is executed. When the interrupt service routine exits, control of the processor is returned to whatever part of the software was previously running.
　　一个从外设到处理器的异步电信号。当外设发出这个信号，我们说一个中断发生。当一个中断发生，当前的处理器状态被保存并且中断服务程序开始运行。当中断服务程序退出，对处理器的控制权转到先前运行的那个软件上。
　　K
　　Kernel（内核）
　　An essential part of any multitasking operating system, the kernel contains
　　just the scheduler and context-switch routine.
　　任何多任务操作系统的本质部分，内核仅仅包含调度程序和上下文切换进程。
　　　M
　　memory map（内存映射）
　　A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral addressable by the processor within the memory space. Memory maps are a helpful aid in getting to know the target.
　　一个在内存空间中的，包含每个外设的名字和可由处理器设置的地址范围的表格或图表。内存映射有助于了解目标机情况。
　　memory-mapped I/O（内存映射I/O）
　　An increasingly common hardware design methodology in which I/O devices are placed into the memory space rather than the I/O space. From the processor"s point of view, memory-mapped I/O devices look very much like memory devices.
　　一种日益流行的硬件设计方法，在这种方法中，I/O设备被放置在内存空间而不是I/O空间。从处理器的观点看，内存映射I/O设备看上去很象内存一样。
　　Microcontroller（微控制器）
　　A microcontroller is very similar to a microprocessor. The main difference is that a microcontroller is designed specifically for use in embedded systems Microcontrollers typically include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM and/or ROM), and other peripherals on the same chip. Common examples are the 8051, Intel"s 80196, and Motorola"s 68HCxx series.
　　微控制器很像微处理器。主要的差别在于微控制器被特殊设计用在嵌入式系统中。微控制器典型地包括CPU、内存（很小的RAM或ROM），还有其他的外设，它们在同一块芯片上。常见的例子是：8051、Intel80196、Motorola68HCxx系列。
　　Microprocessor（微处理器）
　　A piece of silicon containing a general-purpose CPU. The most common examples are Intel"s 80x86 and Motorola"s 680x0 families.
　　一片包含通用CPU的硅片。常见的例子是：Intel80x86、Motorola 680x0系列。

　　N
　　NVRAM
　　Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that retains its data even　when the system is powered down. NVRAM frequently consists of an SRAM and a　long-life battery.
　　非易失的随机访问存储器。一种能在系统关机的情况下保持它的数据的RAM。NVRAM常常由SRAM和长寿命电池组成。
　　　　opcode
　　A sequence of bits that is recognized by the processor as one of the instruc
　　tions in its instruction set.
　　一串被处理器验证过的二进制位的序列，它作为其指令集的一个子集。
　　P
　　PROM（可编程只读存储器）
　　Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be written (programmed) with a device programmer. These memory devices can be programmed only once, so they are sometimes referred to as write-once or one-time programmable devices.
　　可编程只读存储器。能被设备编程器写的一种ROM。这种内存设备可以被编程一次，所以它们有时被作为写一次或一次性编程设备来看待。
　　parallel processing（并行进程）
　　The ability to apply two or more processors to a single computation.
　　一种在单个计算机上运行两个或多个程序的能力。
　　Peripheral （外设）
　　A piece of hardware other than the processor, usually memory or an I/O device. The peripheral may reside within the same chip as the processor, in which case it is called an internal peripheral.
　　一种不同于处理器的硬件设备，常指内存或I/O设备。外设经常和处理器在一片芯片上，在这种情况下，它被称为集成外设。
　　physical address（物理地址）
　　The actual address that is placed on the address bus when accessing a memory location or register.
　　当访问内存位置或寄存器时，在地址总线上的真实的地址。
　　Process（进程）
　　A word that is often confused with task or thread. The crucial distinction is that all of the tasks in a system share a common memory space. Processes, on the other hand, always have their own private memory space. Processes are　　 common in multi-user systems but are rarely, if ever, found in embedded systems.
　　这个名词经常与任务或线程混淆。至关重要的差别在于系统中的所有任务共享公共的内存空间。进程，另一方面，常常有它们自己的私有内存空间。进程在多用户系统中，但少有地，如有可能，也可在嵌入式系统中。
　　Processor（处理器）
　　A generic term that does not distinction between microprocessor, microcontroller, and digital signal processor.
　　一个对于微处理器、微控制器他数字信号处器无差别的通用术语。