64 GHz and 100 GHz VCOs in 90 nm CMOS using optimum pumping methodISSCC 2004 / SESSION 24 / TD: WIRELESS TRENDS: LOW-POWER AND 60GHz / 24.6 24.6 64GHz and 100GHz VCOs in 90nm CMOS Using Optimum Pumping Method Luiz M. Franca-Neto, Ralph E. Bishop, Brad A. Bloechel Intel R&D Labs, Hillsboro, OR 90nm high performance logic CMOS technology provides transistors which are typically conditionally stable at frequencies well into the millimeter-wave range (Fig. 24.6.1); and unconditionally stable at frequencies close to fmax. The unconditional stability allows the use of simultaneous complex conjugate matching at input and output ports of every transistor in the VCO. This matching optimally pumps energy from the active device to the passive network (optimal pumping) which is essential at frequencies close to fmax, where transistors have little gain. In a typic……