nonlinear piezoelectric behavior of ceramic bending mode actuators under strong electric fieldsJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 86, NUMBER 6 15 SEPTEMBER 1999 Nonlinear piezoelectric behavior of ceramic bending mode actuators under strong electric elds Qing-Ming Wang,a) Qiming Zhang, Baomin Xu, Ruibin Liu, and L. Eric Cross Intercollege Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4801 Received 18 December 1998; accepted for publication 9 June 1999 The nonlinear electromechanical behavior of cantilevered piezoelectric ceramic bimorph, unimorph, and reduced and internally biased oxide wafer actuators is studied in a wide electric eld and frequency range. It is found that under quasistatic condition, linear relationships between actuator tip displacement-electric eld, and blocking force-electric eld are only valid under wea……