比如,某个服务器程序的配置信息存放在一个文件中,客户端通过一个 AppConfig 的类来读取配置文件的信息。如果在程序运行期间,有很多地方都需要使用配置文件的内容,也就是说,很多地方都需要创建 AppConfig 对象的实例,这就导致系统中存在多个 AppConfig 的实例对象,而这样会严重浪费内存资源,尤其是在配置文件内容很多的情况下。
事实上,类似 AppConfig 这样的类,我们希望在程序运行期间只存在一个实例对象。
在 Python 中,我们可以用多种方法来实现单例模式:
- 使用模块
- 使用装饰器
- 使用类
- 基于 __new__方法实现
- 基于 metaclass 方式实现
使用模块
其实,Python 的模块就是天然的单例模式,因为模块在第一次导入时,会生成 .pyc文件,当第二次导入时,就会直接加载.pyc文件,而不会再次执行模块代码。
因此,我们只需把相关的函数和数据定义在一个模块中,就可以获得一个单例对象了。
如果我们真的想要一个单例类,可以考虑这样做:
- class Singleton(object):
- def foo(self):
- passsingleton = Singleton
- from mysingleton import singleton
- def Singleton(cls):
- _instance = {}
- def _singleton(*args, **kargs):
- if cls not in _instance:
- _instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs)return _instance[cls]
- return _singleton
- @Singletonclass A(object):
- a = 1
- def __init__(self, x=0):
- self.x = x
- a1 = A(2)
- a2 = A(3)
- class Singleton(object):
- def __init__(self):
- pass
- @classmethoddef instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)return Singleton._instance
- class Singleton(object):
- def __init__(self):
- pass
- @classmethoddef instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)return Singleton._instance
- import threadingdef task(arg):obj = Singleton.instanceprint(obj)for i in range(10):
- t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])t.start
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>
下面我们通过 time.sleep模拟,我们在上面__init__方法中加入以下代码:
- def __init__(self):
- import time
- time.sleep(1)
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034A3410>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BB990>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BB910>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034ADED0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6BD0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6C10>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6B90>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BBA30>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034F6B90>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6A90>
解决办法:加锁!未加锁部分并发执行,加锁部分串行执行,速度降低,但是保证了数据安全。
- import time
- import threadingclass Singleton(object):
- _instance_lock = threading.Lock
- def __init__(self):
- time.sleep(1)
- @classmethoddef instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
- with Singleton._instance_lock:
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
- return Singleton._instance
- def task(arg):
- obj = Singleton.instance
- print(obj)for i in range(10):
- t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
- t.starttime.sleep(20)
- obj = Singleton.instanceprint(obj)
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>
但我们还是加了锁,这样不太好,再进行一些优化,把 intance方法,改成下面这样就行:
- @classmethod
- def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- with Singleton._instance_lock:
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
- return Singleton._instance
- import time
- import threadingclass Singleton(object):
- _instance_lock = threading.Lock
- def __init__(self):
- time.sleep(1)
- @classmethoddef instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- with Singleton._instance_lock:
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
- return Singleton._instance
- def task(arg):
- obj = Singleton.instance
- print(obj)for i in range(10):
- t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
- t.starttime.sleep(20)
- obj = Singleton.instanceprint(obj)
如果用 obj = Singleton,这种方式得到的不是单例。
基于 __new__ 方法实现
通过上面例子,我们可以知道,当我们实现单例时,为了保证线程安全需要在内部加入锁。
我们知道,当我们实例化一个对象时,是先执行了类的 __new__方法(我们没写时,默认调用object.__new__),实例化对象;然后再执行类的__init__方法,对这个对象进行初始化,所有我们可以基于这个,实现单例模式。
- import threading
- class Singleton(object):
- _instance_lock = threading.Lock
- def __init__(self):
- pass
- def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- with Singleton._instance_lock:
- if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
- Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls)
- return Singleton._instance
- obj1 = Singletonobj2 = Singletonprint(obj1,obj2)def task(arg):
- obj = Singleton
- print(obj)for i in range(10):
- t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
- t.start
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
- <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>
基于 metaclass 方式实现
相关知识:
- 类由 type 创建,创建类时,type 的 __init__方法自动执行,类 执行 type 的__call__方法(类的__new__方法,类的__init__方法)
- 对象由类创建,创建对象时,类的 __init__方法自动执行,对象执行类的__call__方法
- class Foo:
- def __init__(self):
- passdef __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
- passobj = Foo# 执行type的 __call__ 方法,调用 Foo类(是type的对象)的 __new__方法,用于创建对象,然后调用 Foo类(是type的对象)的 __init__方法,用于对对象初始化。
- obj # 执行Foo的 __call__ 方法
- class SingletonType(type):
- def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
- super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
- def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的cls,即Foo类
- print('cls',cls)obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
- cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj)
- return obj
- class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): # 指定创建Foo的type为SingletonType
- def __init__(self,name):
- self.name = name
- def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
- return object.__new__(cls)
- obj = Foo('xx')
- import threading
- class SingletonType(type):
- _instance_lock = threading.Lock
- def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
- if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
- with SingletonType._instance_lock:
- if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
- cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
- return cls._instance
- class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
- def __init__(self,name):
- self.name = name
- obj1 = Foo('name')
- obj2 = Foo('name')
- print(obj1,obj2)
作者:听风
https://www.cnblogs.com/huchong/p/8244279.html